No. 4 (108) (2025): Research, results

When studying the epizootic situation in camel farms in the Almaty region from 2006 to 2009, 134 pathological samples (hair, skin flakes, etc.) were collected from camels infected with dermatophytosis. Well-germinated bundles were selected from the separated direct shoots and planted on a nutrient medium of malt agar. As a result of the work carried out, 18 dermatophytes of camel trichophytosis were isolated from 134 pathological samples taken from 7 camel farms.

During this scientific work, the conditions, temperature, and selective selection of the isolated strain were taken into account. These results were obtained using the identifier by Ivanova L.G. and identified with scientific research conducted in 1992 [4, 5]. The original document on the vaccine strain was prepared and deposited in the laboratory “On the study of the gene pool of microorganisms” of KazNIVI LLP, KazAgroInnovation JSC.

The deposited strain of Trichophyton sarkisovii was assigned the deposit collection number F-0319 “KazNIVI” No. 3. An application for an invention was filed for the specified vaccine strain Trichophyton sarkisovii F-0319, and a preliminary patent was obtained from the National Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan [6].

Subclinical mastitis is widespread in developed countries engaged in dairy farming, especially in areas with a high level of mechanization and automation of production and more intensive use of animals. Mastitis control measures are an urgent task for dairy farms to obtain safe and high-quality raw milk from dairy cows. Mastitis remains an unsolved problem in dairy farming, since it causes significant damage to farms due to deterioration in the quality of milk produced, decreased productivity of cows, increased treatment costs and premature death of animals.

As a result of production studies aimed at finding a solution to the mastitis problem, monthly examinations of all dairy cows in the herd were carried out to determine the degree and frequency of damage to the four lobes of the udder in various forms of mastitis using diagnostic tests.  As a result, 22.6% of dairy cows suffered from mastitis, including 20.3% with subclinical mastitis and 2.3% with clinical mastitis. The prevalence of the pathological process with damage to one quarter of the udder was recorded in 45.8% of the total number of sick cows in the herd, with damage to two quarters - in 29.2%, with damage to three quarters - in 20.8%, with damage to all four lobes - in 4.2%.  During the bacteriological examination of milk samples taken from dairy cows with mastitis on the farm, the following types of microorganisms were found: Streptococcus agalaetiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus dysgalaetiae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Candida fungi.

Mastitis in cows is one of the major factors causing economic losses in modern livestock production. It is registered almost everywhere and, taking into account the subclinical form, affects 30–50% of the cattle population annually. According to the International Dairy Federation, this pathology remains the main cause of losses in dairy cattle farming in all developed countries. Data from the World Organisation for Animal Health indicate that the damage caused by mastitis exceeds the total harm from all other diseases in cows.

Economic losses incurred by farms due to mastitis include a decline in milk productivity, premature culling of cows, deterioration in the quality of marketable milk and a decrease in its selling price, as well as expenses for treatment. Analysis of the situation shows that mastitis is predominantly caused by bacteria. Over the past 15 years, pathogenic streptococci and staphylococci have most frequently been isolated worldwide from raw milk and mammary gland secretions of cows with mastitis. This microflora may cause various digestive and respiratory disorders in humans after consuming contaminated milk.

Therefore, the issue of treatment and prevention of mammary gland diseases remains highly relevant for veterinarians and researchers today.

The spread of vector-borne infections is largely associated with the activity of blood-sucking ectoparasites capable of efficiently transmitting pathogens between animals and humans.Under conditions of climate change and ecosystem transformation, monitoring tick-borne pathogens and their distribution becomes increasingly relevant. Kazakhstan, with its vast territory and diverse climatic zones, provides a favorable environment for the circulation of various vector-borne diseases. However, molecular characterization of tick fauna in the country remains limited.

In this study, ticks were collected from seven regions of Kazakhstan, resulting in the analysis of over 300 specimens sampled from livestock and natural habitats. Species identification was performed using PCR amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S rDNA). In addition, molecular screening was conducted to detect DNA of tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Babesia spp.

The results revealed a high species diversity of ticks and associated pathogens, including potentially novel variants not previously recorded in Kazakhstan. This study highlights the importance of expanding molecular surveillance of vector-borne infections and represents a significant contribution to veterinary and epidemiological safety in the region.

As a result of the study, the activity of conglutinating blood serum in the Sayduldin reaction in interaction with goat's milk was determined, and brucellosis in milk was diagnosed using standard solutions of brucellosis antigen at a concentration of 1.2 AU. The results of the milk study were compared with the approved methods for diagnosing brucellosis using blood serum. According to the results of RBP and RSC, positive results were obtained from 14 blood serum samples. The same results were confirmed in the Saiduldine (MS) reaction, with an additional 6 positive samples identified. In the study of milk in the Saiduldin reaction, the total number of positive samples was 12. These results were confirmed by blood serum testing methods.

According to the results of statistical processing, the average antibody titer in CBD was 1:16 (+15,7%; -13,5%), in MS for blood serum — 1:46 (+26,6%; -21,1%), and in the RS for milk — 1:16 (+15,7%; -13,5%). The difference between the average titers of antibodies in RSC and MS in milk is statistically unreliable, whereas the average titer of antibodies in MS in blood serum is about three times higher than the two above-mentioned tests. In the course of the study, it was proved that the proposed method for diagnosing brucellosis in goat's milk using the Saiduldin reaction is comparable in diagnostic sensitivity to the used methods of blood serum testing — RBP and RSC, but inferior in sensitivity to the Saiduldin reaction with blood serum.

Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that diagnostically specific antibodies to brucellosis can be detected without taking blood serum from goats, using only milk in the Saiduldin reaction based on conglutination of sheep erythrocytes sensitized by hemolysin under the influence of brucellosis antigen and conglutinating blood serum.

This article comprehensively examines the anthrax epizootic situation in Kazakhstan over the past decade, its distribution patterns, and preventive measures. The study determined the incidence and geographic distribution of the disease in various regions of Kazakhstan. The study found that the main outbreaks were registered in the East Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Akmola, Karaganda, and Zhambyl regions. Since the pathogen spores persist in the soil for long periods in these regions, the risk of recurrence is high. On average, 8-15 new outbreaks were identified annually, with increases in incidence observed in 2016, 2018, and 2022. Anthrax occurs primarily in cattle (60-65%), but 20-25% of cases occur in sheep and goats, 10% in horses, and 5% in camels. Seasonally, the risk of disease transmission is highest in the summer and fall months, as grazing animals often come into contact with grass and soil contaminated with spores.

For prevention, routine vaccination is carried out annually, covering an average of 5-6 million head of cattle. However, in some regions, incomplete vaccination has led to new outbreaks. The study results showed that anthrax remains a pressing epizootic problem, requiring enhanced monitoring, improved laboratory diagnostics, full vaccination coverage, and enhanced veterinary control.

This article is based on a comparison of the course and changes in the molecular and genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis strains in recent years, the effectiveness of new methods and the results of various proven research papers. In the global phylogenetic structure, B. anthracis is divided into three main genetic groups: A, B, and C. The distribution of the three groups of strains is uneven: about 90% belong to group A, while 10% belong to group B and 0.1% belong to group C. They make up a small part. Of the 35 main genetic proteins of group A, 8 are variable, the rest are reference strains, Spo0J is one variant, but the gene of the Tsiankovskii-1 SNP 705t→C strain is synonymous with this gene. Spo0M has two variants of sizes 252 and 251 hp, the latter is distinguished by a deletion of T67, a deletion of the 198-200 gene. SpoIID is two variants, reference and 351/520 (canSNP group A. Br.Aust94), which is a synonym for SNP 927C→Tc2, respectively. SpoVAD-338 hp. The speed of two non-homologous variants is found in all strains of group A. The conservation of proteins SpoIIE, phase II of sporulation P, SpoIIR, SpoIIIAA, SpoIIIAB, SpoIIIAE, SpoIIIAG, Spoiiiid, SpoIVFA, SpoIVFB, SpoVAA, SpoVAE, SpoVID, Cdas, YlbJ, and KinA is also characteristic of group strains of B. anthracis. In contrast, KinB is present in three genes in group A of the sensor histidine kinases of B. anthracis strains.

The article presents the results of a study on the growth, development, and exterior traits of Ordabasy sheep of the meat-fat productivity type under the conditions of the “Shukeyt-Ata” peasant farm, Panfilov district, Zhetysu region. A comprehensive analysis of live weight and biometric parameters of animals of different sex and age groups was carried out, and body conformation indices were determined, characterizing the level of skeletal development, chest formation, proportionality, and balance of body structure.

It was established that the Ordabasy breed is distinguished by high precocity, stable live weight gain, strong constitution, and well-pronounced meat forms corresponding to the requirements of modern sheep breeding. The obtained data confirm the high adaptability and genetic potential of the breed under pasture conditions and allow recommending it for further breeding in various natural and climatic zones of Kazakhstan.

The Ordabasy breed represents a valuable breeding resource for the sustainable development of sheep husbandry, possessing high productivity, ecological plasticity, and economic efficiency.

According to the research results, ewe lambs at the age of 4–4.5 months reach an average live weight of 37.6 kg, at 1.5 years – 47.6 kg; ewes at 2.5–3.5 years – 62.4 kg; and breeding rams at 2.5 years – 72.5 kg. The obtained data on live weight and main zootechnical measurements fully correspond to the standard requirements of the Ordabasy breed.

The article presents the results of studies conducted from 2013 to 2023 on 13 water bodies of local importance belonging to the Ili-Balkhash basin. The objects of the study were the following lakes: Kurkol, Sarykol, Zhidekol, Kura-Sary, Dupshinkol, Kundyzdy, Derevyannoe, Kainar, Oktyabr, Zhanadaur, Dostyk, Krestyansky and Ashikol. The article also presents the characteristics of the Balkhash perch (Perca schrenki Kessler, 1874), which belongs to the order Perciformes and the family Percidae. Its distribution within the basin, catch rates in previous years, feeding habits, population dynamics, reasons for its decline and limiting factors are considered. In addition, information is provided on the inclusion of the Balkhash perch in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article also provides a description of the fishing gear and methods used in the study, as well as a map of the fishing sites. The data on the composition of the ichthyofauna of the reservoirs, the size and weight characteristics of the caught Balkhash perch, the fatness indicators of the fish in the lakes (according to the Fulton coefficient), the frequency of occurrence of the species (in percent), as well as information on the location of the lakes by administrative districts are presented. The survey results showed that the number of Balkhash perch in the lakes Ashikol and Dupshinkol was higher compared to other water bodies. The fatness indices according to the Fulton coefficient corresponded to the average values recorded for all lakes, and no statistically significant differences were found between the lakes.

This article presents a morphological analysis of the Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus) inhabiting the Kapshagay Reservoir. During the analysis, 25 specimens of Caspian roach were measured, with 16 meristic and 23 morphometric (plastic) characteristics examined. The age of the specimens subjected to morphological analysis ranged from 3 to 6 years. Data on body length and weight, as well as sexual differences, were presented along with a comparative analysis with the findings of previous researchers. All obtained morphometric parameters were subjected to statistical analysis. As a result, mean values, mean linear deviations, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, and condition factors were calculated. The obtained data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

The research presented in the article was conducted based on commonly accepted ichthyological methods, which specify the characteristics of the gill nets used and the equipment employed.

As a result of the analysis, no significant differences were found in the morphometric (plastic) traits related to the length-weight characteristics of Caspian roach from the Kapshagay Reservoir. However, slight variations were observed in the number of vertebrae and gill rakers among the meristic (quantitative) traits. The obtained results indicate morphological stability of the population and confirm the favorable habitat conditions of the Kapshagay Reservoir for the Caspian roach.

The article presents material on the growth and development of crossbred lambs (MSHK x KKPG) raised in the Ukrainian LLP of the Ulan district of the East Kazakhstan region. The productivity of young sheep was evaluated and studied. The growth and development of young sheep, their exterior indicators, and the assessment of their live weight dynamics, slaughter indicators, fattening, and meat qualities of the first-generation crossbred young sheep (MWK x KKPG) were studied. As part of the study, the measurements of the lambs at birth were taken, and their body structure indices were calculated. A comparative characteristic of the productive and hematological features of crossbred offspring with sheep of the original maternal breed is given. The young of the current year were preliminarily tested when they were weaned from their queens at the age of 4-4.5 months and the test data of 10 breeding sheep for the quality of offspring were processed. It was found that the first-generation crossbreeds had good meat and wool qualities, the coat and wool quality were (50-48 quality) and (48 quality). The slaughter indicators and meat qualities of 4-4.5-month-old lambs of different genotypes and their morphological composition of carcasses showed an optimal ratio of muscle flesh and fat in the carcasses. The meatiness coefficient also ranged from 4.46% to 4.24% for the groups. Industrial crossbreeding involving the Kazakh fat-tailed semi-rough-haired breed and the Kazakh meat-and-wool semi-fine-wool sheep (MWK) in the conditions of the Ukrainian LLP in the Ulan district of the East Kazakhstan region is a highly effective tool for increasing productivity, wool quality, and profitability in sheep farming.

The article presents the results of research on the development of a technology for producing a functional dairy biococktail based on mare’s milk from breeding mares of the Arda line. The main focus was on optimizing the filtration and pasteurization processes to preserve biologically active substances and ensure high microbiological safety. Filtration of milk through a 3 µm pore filter reduced the total bacterial contamination and somatic cell count while minimizing the loss of the fat fraction. Pasteurization at 72 °C for 15 s effectively eliminated pathogenic microorganisms while preserving proteins, lactose, and both water- and fat-soluble vitamins at more than 90 % of their original content.

For fermentation, starter cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (1:1) were used, while the enrichment of milk with 10% skimmed dry cow’s milk ensured process stability. During production, a phytoadditive (rosehip extract) and a natural sweetener were aseptically introduced into the product, which improved the organoleptic and functional properties of the biococktail. The resulting product was characterized by a uniform consistency, mild fermented milk taste, high viability of probiotic cultures (≥10⁸ CFU/mL), and stable acidity indicators. The developed technology makes it possible to create a functional dairy product with high biological and probiotic potential, recommended for a wide range of consumers, including children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened health.

The study presents the results of a comparative investigation of the influence of genotype on feed intake and nutrient conversion in beef calves. The research included Kazakh White-Headed cattle and their crosses with Simmental, Limousin, and Auliekol breeds. Animals were kept under identical conditions and received a balanced diet. It was found that crossbred calves, particularly Simmental crosses, exhibited higher feed intake, faster live weight gain, and more efficient nutrient utilization compared to their purebred counterparts. Breed characteristics significantly affected growth dynamics at different age stages: crossbred animals had higher birth weights and maintained growth advantages up to 18 months. The most efficient feed utilization was observed in Simmental crosses, reflected in the lowest feed conversion ratio per unit of gain and the highest nutrient conversion efficiency. The results confirm that crossbreeding Kazakh White-Headed cattle with beef breeds, especially Simmental, can increase calf productivity, optimize feed resource use, and enhance the economic efficiency of fattening. The obtained data can be applied in developing feeding and management technologies and in designing crossbreeding schemes to improve livestock productivity in beef cattle farming.

The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of growth and development of bulls of intrabreed types of the Kazakh White-headed cattle, raised under the conditions of KH “Sultan” in the West Kazakhstan region. The study covered body weight dynamics, average daily gains, body measurement increase coefficients, and body conformation indices of young stock from birth to 18 months. It was found that the Ankatin enlarged type showed the highest body weight (425.6 kg at 15 months, 498.5 kg at 18 months) and maximum average daily gains, reaching 1142 g in the period of 12–15 months. The Zavolzhsky type occupied an intermediate position, while the Shagatay hornless type was characterized by lower gains and a more compact body conformation. Evaluation of measurement increase coefficients indicated more intensive development of the chest and body length in the Ankatin type, whereas the Shagatay type retained a compact format. Analysis of body conformation indices confirmed differences in proportions, body mass, and chest line formation, reflecting genetic features of intrabreed types. The obtained results allow recommending the use of Ankatin and Zavolzhsky types to enhance meat productivity, optimize feeding, and improve breeding programs. The findings may serve as a scientific basis for further refinement of rearing and crossbreeding technologies for Kazakh White-headed cattle in beef production.

Soil fertility in Kazakhstan's main grain-growing regions is essential for successful agriculture, and its preservation is a top priority for farmers. Chernozem soils are prevalent in the northernmost part of the country, covering the entire North Kazakhstan region, most of the Kostanay region, and the northern regions of the Akmola region. All chernozem soils are fertile, but they are classified as low-moisture (less than 40 cm) with a content of organic matter of 6-8 % in the first two, and 4-6 % in the southern chernozems. The paper presents the results of research on the content of organic matter (humus) in the arable soil of the North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, and Akmol regions during the cultivation of field crops. The object of the study was the arable soil of agricultural formations. The method of determining the percentage of humus content is based on the oxidation of organic matter with a solution of potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid. On average, the humus content in the North Kazakhstan region was 4,6-5,5 %, in the Kostanay region it was 3,3-4,8 %, and in the Akmola region it was 3,2-4,5 %. In the current conditions of agricultural production, the humus balance in the region's arable soils remains negative, indicating a decrease in fertility and the need to replenish it through the application of organic fertilizers and the use of resource-saving agricultural practices for cultivating crops. This requires constant monitoring of the balance values for this indicator.

The increasing need to enhance the efficiency of brewing barley cultivation, a key crop for brewing and food industries, is critical amid climate change, unstable moisture, and soil resource depletion. This study scientifically evaluates optimal agronomic practices—specifically sowing dates and seeding rates—tailored to the soil and climatic conditions of the Balkhash district, Almaty region. Multi-year research on the brewing barley variety "Arna" assessed the impact of sowing timing and seeding density on plant growth, phenology, productivity, and grain quality. Results showed that early sowing with a seeding rate of 5.0 million viable seeds per hectare fosters strong seedling establishment, optimal development, and high yields reaching 30.1 centners per hectare. Increasing seeding rates from 2 to 6 million seeds per hectare raised productive stem counts from 300 to 460 per m² but reduced productive tillering, indicating plant compensatory responses.Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between grain number per spike and spike productivity (r = 0.977) and a negative correlation between productive tillering and seeding rate (r = –0.847). Grain quality at the optimal seeding rate (5.0 million seeds/ha) was characterized by high test weight (up to 654 g/l), grain size (up to 85%), germination rate (up to 95%), husk content (~9.5%), protein (~11.6%), starch (up to 61.3%), and extractivity (up to 76.1%). Although increasing seeding rate to 6.0 million seeds/ha improved yield and thousand-kernel weight, it lowered protein content.These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive, locally adapted approach to sowing dates and seeding rates to maximize yield and grain quality of "Arna" brewing barley. The recommended agronomic practices produce grain meeting GOST 5060-86 standards, supporting regional brewing industry development. The results provide valuable guidance for optimizing brewing barley cultivation technologies under regional conditions.

The main systems of tillage in crop production are described. The classification by types of tillage is given. The essence, advantages and disadvantages of agrotechnologies of tillage are analyzed: traditional (conventional with reservoir turnover), minimal (soil–protective, resource-saving) – "Mini-Till", zero – "No-Till" and strip - "Stril Tillage".

With traditional technology, plowing is carried out with the turnover of the reservoir for high-quality soil preparation for sowing and planting crops, as it ensures the wrapping of the reservoir, crumbling and mixing of the soil, sealing of crop residues, organic and mineral fertilizers, and weeds.

During Minimal soil preparation, the top layer of fertile land does not turn over, but retains the soil structure. The soil in the fields is loosened only to the depth of the seed embedding or is not pro-cessed at all

With No-Till technology, it is envisaged to completely abandon tillage and perform four basic mechanized operations in the field using innovative technology: applying herbicides before sowing (in autumn or spring; sowing seeds with a special seed drill that forms only a small furrow in the stubble to accommodate seeds; applying herbicides during vegetation and harvesting).

With Strip Till, special cultivators loosen lines up to 25 cm wide. At the same time, the aisles remain intact. This reduces the amount of cultivated soil and reduces the cost of cultivation. The tech-nology makes it possible to preserve moisture and nutrients in untreated areas, which contributes to more efficient use of resources and increased yields.

Root rot is one of the most harmful diseases affecting seedlings. The main sources of the disease are seeds and soil. Based on phytological testing, a protective and stimulating compound has been developed to combat seed infection, suppressing pathogenic microflora in seeds and stimulating their germination and root formation. To combat soil infection, two treatments with the biological fungicide Fitolavin were carried out. The developed eco-friendly system effectively reduces root rot damage to seedlings to the same level as the synthetic fungicide Previkur Energy. At the same time, the sowing qualities of seeds and plant development are stimulated, and the environment and soil are not contaminated with toxic residues.

The purpose of the research is to develop an optimal safflower fertilizer system to achieve its maximum productivity in the semi–arid steppe of the Almaty region. During the growing season of safflower, 335.7 mm of precipitation fell, which is 9.9 mm higher than the climatic norm. In the spring months (April-May), the atmospheric air temperature increased from 11.2 0C to 18.4 0C, which slightly exceeded the annual average by 1.3-1.9 0C, and in the summer months (June-July), it increased from 22.6 0C to 28.3 0C and was lower than the annual average by 1.3-3.3 0C. These meteorological indicators indicate that favorable conditions for safflower cultivation have developed in 2024. The addition of ammonium nitrate to the top dressing at a rate of 60 kg/ha of the active substance in the phase of 5-6 pairs of real safflower leaves and treatment with microbiological Extrasol of crops provided the highest nitrate nitrogen content in the soil during the budding phase according to the methods of basic tillage in the range of 29-37 mg/kg. The autumn application of ammophos at a rate of 30 kg/ha of the active substance, followed by the use of Extrasol, contributed to an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus under safflower sowing to the level of medium and increased availability in the soil - 30-44 mg/kg. The option without tillage from the budding phase to the end of the growing season of safflower provided better moisture retention – 208.9-223.3 mm. On light chestnut soil, the largest collection of safflower seeds of the Nika 80 variety was obtained when grown using shallow flat-cut tillage in combination with the use of Extrasol – 2.27 t/ha.

Over the past few decades, intensive industrialization and intensive agricultural activity have led to the accumulation of various pollutants in the environment, especially heavy metals. The negative effects of environmental pollution by heavy metals pose a real threat to the biosphere.

Heavy metals are among the widespread pollutants, the monitoring of which is mandatory in soils and soils. Heavy metal pollution is one of the causes of soil degradation. Annual surveys are the main source of information about pollution.

The article presents the results of a study of residual amounts of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Pb) in soil samples collected on the territory of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture landfill in the Almaty region. In all the studied sites, the residual content of heavy metals in the soil samples was at an acceptable level. However, due to the peculiarities of the physical and geographical area, the proximity of the landfill site to the highway, etc., it was noted that metals such as zinc, lead, cobalt exceeded the MPC value by 2.1-6,2 times. Soil contamination with heavy metals causes accumulation of metals by plants and degradation of plant communities, which leads to the transfer of toxic substances through food chains to humans. In this regard, the purpose of this work is an urgent issue of our research topic on the content of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Pb) in light-dark brown soils of Southeastern Kazakhstan.

The article presents the results of a study on the seasonal population dynamics and feeding relationships of beetles (Coleoptera) that damage pasture plants in the southeastern region of Kazakhstan. The research focused on shrub-like pasture plants such as forage kochia (Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck = Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), Eurotia (Eurotia ceratoides (L.) S. A. Mey), and saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron).

Field observations and surveys recorded 15 beetle species (order Coleoptera) belonging to two families: Meloidae (12 species) and Curculionidae (3 species), which differed in their feeding specialization. Species from the Meloidae family were polyphagous, mainly feeding on the reproductive organs of plants. This feeding behavior can disrupt pollination and reduce seed production, affecting the regeneration of plant communities. In contrast, Curculionidae species showed a narrower feeding preference, targeting seeds, young shoots, and seedlings of ecologically important plants such as saxaul, kochia and eurotia. The seasonal population dynamics of these insects showed that most Meloidae species reach peak numbers during the mass flowering period (May–June). In contrast, Curculionidae populations peak in June–July, when seed and shoot development is most active. By the end of the growing season (August), the population of both groups declines sharply due to the depletion of food resources and the completion of their life cycles.

The obtained data are of practical significance for monitoring the condition of pasture plants, developing measures for biologically and ecologically justified pest control, and assessing the risks of pasture degradation due to the mass damage of the generative and vegetative organs of forage plants.

This article presents the results of a study on the biological effectiveness of the fumigants «Kvıkfos» and «Germes» against larvae of pest insects of Bassia prostrata under the desert conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan, intending to identify the most effective options for use in pasture plant protection systems. The research was conducted on experimental plots in the Bakanas district, taking into account biodiversity and the natural abundance of pests. To evaluate effectiveness, a control group (without treatment) and four experimental groups were used: «Kvıkfos» at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 g/m³, and «Germes»  at doses of 5 and 10 ml/kg. Larval counts were carried out before treatment and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after fumigant application.

The results showed that «Kvıkfos»  at a dose of 2.0 g/m³ provided the highest biological effectiveness: larval numbers decreased by 60.6% on day 1, by 85% on day 3, and stabilized at 90% by days 7–14. «Kvıkfos» at 1.0 g/m³ also demonstrated high effectiveness, gradually increasing from 40.6% to 70.3%. The fumigant «Germes» exhibited moderate insecticidal activity: at 10 ml/kg, effectiveness reached 65%, and at 5 ml/kg, 50%. Thus, «Kvıkfos» at 2.0 g/m³ is recommended for rapid and complete disinfestation of Bassia seeds, while «Germes», due to its ecological safety, is advisable for use in integrated protection systems aimed at preserving pasture biodiversity.

This article examines the features of cultivation technology of yellow sweet clover (Melilotusofficinalis (L.)) on saline soils in the Kyzylorda region, depending on the methods of primary soil tillage. It was found that the application of various tillage methods (plowing, no-till with subsequent harrowing, and chiseling) significantly influences soil moisture accumulation and retention, as well as plant productivity. Under continuous rice cropping, the residual salt content in the arable layer reached 1.65%, whereas in the rice crop rotation it was 0.88%. The most favorable water regime during the emergence and tillering phases of sweet clover was achieved with no-till combined with harrowing, which contributed to better plant preservation (1.4–1.78 times higher compared to other methods) and increased green biomass yield over two years from 6.3 to 15.9 t/ha. It was also established that plowing and no-till methods differently affect soil moisture, varying it between 18.5% and 23.4%. The highest preservation of camelthorn plants by the end of the growing season (from 490 to 267 plants/m²) was also observed under no-till treatment. The conducted studies confirm that the growth, development, and yield of perennial legumes on the saline soils of the Aral Sea region largely depend on a complex of applied agrotechnical practices, particularly soil tillage methods.

Keywords: Sweet clover, chiseling, growth and development, growing season, soil tillage, harrowing, crop rotation, no-till, plowing

Melilotus is a perennial legume plant that is valuable for fodder production due to its drought resistance and ability to accumulate biological nitrogen in the soil. In the rice crop rotation conditions of the Kyzylorda region, where soils are characterized by salinity, melilot can play a key role in increasing the productivity and sustainability of the agroecosystem.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses and combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers on the growth, development, productivity, and feed value of sainfoin in the region's saline meadow-marsh soils. The research methods included field experiments with the application of phosphorus fertilizers at doses of P₆₀ and P₁₂₀, as well as their combinations with organic fertilizers (manure 15 t/ha). Agrochemical analyses of soil and plants were carried out to assess nutrient content. The productivity of sainfoin was assessed by the yield of green mass, hay, and seeds, as well as by the digestible protein content.

The results showed that the application of phosphorus fertilizers at doses of P₆₀ and P₁₂₀, both alone and in combination with manure, significantly increases the yield of sainfoin. The greatest effect was achieved when P60 was applied in combination with manure, which ensured maximum green mass yield of up to 376,6 c/ha and hay yield of up to 87,7 c/ha, as well as digestible protein content of up to 608,4 kg/ha.

The scope of application of the research results includes the development of effective agrotechnical measures to increase the productivity of sainfoin in saline soils of arid zones, which contributes to the improvement of the feed base for livestock and the sustainability of agroecosystems.

Background and Aim. This article discusses the issues of environmentally efficient and long-term sustainable development of modern agriculture. Against the background of global challenges such as global climate change, soil degradation and erosion, and the excessive use of chemicals, new areas of agriculture are becoming relevant - the use of organic fertilizers and the introduction of regenerative agricultural technologies.

Materials and Methods. Organic fertilizers (vermicompost, compost, green fertilizers, etc.) can preserve the natural fertility of the soil and improve the quality of crops. These fertilizers contribute to achieving long-term productivity by increasing the microbiological activity of the Earth without harming the ecosystem.

Results. Regenerative agriculture is an integrated approach aimed not only at harvesting crops, but also at restoring soil structure, preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. This system uses methods such as zero or low-volume agriculture, crop rotation, cover crops (cover crops), and a combination of organic animal husbandry and agriculture. Such approaches protect the soil from erosion, maintain moisture, and create a biological balance against pests.

Conclusion. The use of organic and regenerative methods in the conditions of Kazakhstan will save land resources, increase the sustainability of agricultural production and produce environmentally safe products. These areas are most relevant for future specialists in the specialty of agronomy, as they ensure not only production efficiency, but also harmony with the environment. The article analyzes in detail the advantages of these methods, the ways of implementation and their place in agriculture. This research is a scientific and practical basis for the formation of sustainable agriculture based on environmental alternatives.

In order to increase soil moisture in the arid regions of Southern Kazakhstan, work was carried out to develop and study the properties of hydrogels. The study used polyacrylamide (APG) and hydrogels based on starch, acrylamide and kaolin (ASGS) to assess their effect on the soil's ability to absorb water, plant growth and productivity. The results showed that hydrogels, especially polyacrylamide-based ones, can significantly increase soil moisture. The use of hydrogels significantly improved the water absorption properties of the soil and enhanced plant growth in the experimental plots. In the areas where polyacrylamide-based hydrogel was used, rice yields increased by 18%. Wheat and safflower yields increased by 12% and 15%, respectively. The hydrogel based on starch, acrylamide and kaolin showed low results, but was also 8-10% higher than in the control areas. The results confirm the high efficiency of hydrogels in conditions of water scarcity and their practical value for agricultural production in arid regions.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is a major crop for the production of pasta, noodles, bulgur, etc. The key traits determining grain quality include biochemical indicators (protein content, gluten, gluten index, vitreousness, etc.) as well as the pigment composition that defines the color of the final product. The aim of the study was to evaluate spring durum wheat varieties of diverse ecological and geographical origin and to identify the most valuable genotypes for use in breeding programs aimed at improving quality traits. Biochemical parameters of the grain were determined according to generally accepted standard methods, while carotenoid pigments were quantified spectrophotometrically (based on optical density) and colorimetrically using a Minolta CR-300 analyzer. Differences among varieties were established for biochemical indicators and pigment content. The test weight of grain ranged from 711 to 824 g/L, with an average of 791 g/L. A strong correlation (r = 0.81) was found between test weight and gluten content. Protein content ranged from 12.33% (Grekalle) to 16.74% (Svevo), with an average of 13.96%. The carotenoid pigment content varied from 0.218 mg/% (Slavuta) to 0.435 mg/% (Obelix), with an average of 0.312 mg/%. Based on the biochemical evaluation of the durum wheat collection, varieties were identified that can serve as donors for developing new hybrids and cultivars combining high quality parameters with improved nutritional properties.

This article presents the results of the study of the nursery of the competitive variety trial of awnless brome in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The research was carried out in the Akmola region at the Scientific and Practical Center of Grain Farming named after A.I. Barayev LLP. The object of research was 19 cultivars of awnless brome. Varieties of awnless brome were studied according to economically valuable traits: height, green mass yield, dry matter yield, seed yield, resistance to diseases and pests, plant development capacity, drought resistance, winter hardiness and fodder quality.

As a result of the study of the complex of economically valuable traits in the nursery of the competitive variety trial of awnless brome, 3 promising variety samples with valuable traits and properties were identified, which will be used in breeding in the future when creating new varieties of awnless brome.

The priority area of ​​research in the selection of broad-eared wheatgrass for the conditions of the steppe and dry-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan is the development of high-yielding competitive varieties with improved forage quality indicators, high winter and drought resistance, as well as increased resistance to diseases and pests.

The article provides a description of the morphological, economically valuable and biological characteristics of the new variety of broad-eared wheatgrass Iskander, created for the steppe and dry-steppe regions of Kazakhstan.

The new Iskander wheatgrass variety exceeds regionalized varieties in forage and seed yield by 10 %. A distinctive feature of the variety is its increased resistance to adverse environmental conditions, both abiotic and biotic.

The Iskander variety of broad-eared wheatgrass was developed for haymaking. It is a mid-season variety. Its growing season is 65 days when harvested for hay and 100 days when harvested for seed. The green mass yield of the Iskander variety in the competitive variety testing nursery on average over five years (2018-2022) was 108 c/ha, dry matter yield (hay) - 40.9 c/ha, seed yield - 3.40 c/ha, exceeding the standard Burabay variety (respectively 85.9 c/ha; 32.2 c/ha; 2.46 c/ha) in green mass yield by 22.1 c/ha, 25.7%, dry matter - 8.7 c/ha, 27.0%, seeds - 0.94 c/ha, 38.2%.The dry matter contains 11.85% crude protein, 27.77% crude fiber, 6.17% crude ash, 1.86% crude fat, 50.95% non-nitrogenous extractive substances, 7.41% digestible protein, 9.28 MJ exchange energy, and 0.59 kg/kg feed units. The new variety has high winter hardiness and drought resistance.

The issue of the production of effective organic animal feed in the arid steppe regions of Kazakhstan will be considered. Due to climatic changes and drought conditions in the country, yields of traditional fodder crops are not stable, which creates a shortage of feed in animal husbandry. As one of the ways to solve this problem, it is recommended to grow annual fodder crops in the form of hay mixtures.

The study analyzed the characteristics of blue wax, dry matter, feed size, and easily digestible protein obtained by mixed sowing of crops such as Sudanese grass, peas, barley, oats, corn, and cow nuts. Approaches to mixed and strip sowing of various crops are compared, ways to increase yields and increase nutritional value are identified. The results show that herbal supplements consisting of three components (for example, Sudanese grass + oats + peas) give significantly higher results in yield and quality than pure crops. In addition, the article analyzes the scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, reveals the role of modern agricultural technologies in the cultivation of fodder crops. With proper coordinated sowing of crops, specific methods for obtaining drought-adapted fodder crops with high yields and high nutritional value are proposed. In addition to increasing livestock productivity, these approaches make a significant contribution to ensuring food safety. In this regard, the scientific conclusions and practical results presented in the article serve as the basis for making strategic decisions aimed at the sustainable development of the feed base in the agro-industrial complex of the country. Based on the above, it can be noted that the cultivation of grass mixtures is an effective and promising way to improve the nutritional qualities of feed, increase livestock productivity, and ensure the sustainability of agroecosystems.

Currently, the shortage of irrigation water for crops grown on irrigated lands is becoming an urgent problem. In this regard, an important role is played by the further development of equipment and technologies that ensure the production of stable and high-quality products from highly productive and agricultural crops, their introduction into production.

The scientific article presents the results of scientific research on the study of the volume of moisture formed on the surface of soils and lower soil layers during drip irrigation of vegetable crops cultivated with the use of drip irrigation systems that do not require water resistance and high means used for cultivation of agricultural crops.

As a result of research work, the volume of soil moisture formed in the soil with the method of drip irrigation was determined at a depth of 10, 20, 30 cm. for Example, as a result of moistening the depth of 10 cm of soil for 30 minutes on the soil surface, on average, on 1 plant bottom is 0, 00366m², and the area of humidification of one plant bottom is 0.00003 m³.

It should be noted that the soil moisture coefficient during irrigation has a significant influence on plant growth and development.

This study presents the results of an analysis of the hydrological regime of small rivers in the Almaty region based on long-term data on average annual water discharge, air temperature, and atmospheric precipitation. A comparative analysis was conducted across key hydrometeorological stations, revealing significant spatial differences influenced by the region’s orography and altitudinal zonation. It is shown that climatic factors - temperature regime, precipitation, and evapotranspiration - determine the characteristics of runoff formation, the duration of snow cover, and the seasonal nature of the water regime of small rivers. The data indicate the necessity of a comprehensive consideration of natural and climatic conditions when assessing water resources and planning water management activities. The findings are relevant for the development of regional strategies for sustainable water resources management under climate change conditions.

The total area of ​ ​ the state forest fund is 30.0 million hectares and occupies 11.4% of the territory of the republic. The area of ​ ​ forested land is 13.6 million hectares, the forest cover of the republic is 5%. 89% of the territory - 246.5 million hectares, are non-forest lands and are steppes, deserts and semi-deserts. 78% of the state forest fund is assigned to local executive bodies [1].

In Kazakhstan, the main tool for forest management is comprehensive forest management, which should be carried out within the framework of budget financing every 10-15 years [2].

Forest management data are kept by the executing organization, the Republican National Enterprise "Kazakh Forest Management Enterprise," and are provided upon official request through the Forestry and Wildlife Committee of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources [2].

As of January 1, 2025, the total area of the state forest fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan is 31,375.5 thousand hectares, which corresponds to 11.5% of the country's territory. Of this area, 13,898.7 thousand hectares are covered by forested land, which is 44.3% of the total forest fund area. Despite the significant size of the forest fund, the overall forest cover of Kazakhstan remains relatively low — only 5.1% of the total area of the republic.

The distribution of forest cover across the regions of the country varies greatly and reflects the natural and climatic characteristics of each area. The highest forest cover percentages are recorded in Kyzylorda (17.2%), East Kazakhstan (17.1%), Zhambyl (16.0%), and Almaty (15.1%) regions. These areas are characterized by mountainous and foothill landscapes, where the climate and topography create favorable conditions for the growth of forest vegetation. At the same time, forest cover is significantly lower in the western and central parts of the country: for example, in Aktobe and Atyrau regions, it is only 0.2%, and in Ulytau region, it is 0.1%.

The structure of Kazakhstan’s forests is dominated by saxaul forests (51.9%) and shrub plantations (21.9%), primarily found in desert and steppe zones. These ecosystems play a crucial role in preventing desertification, stabilizing sand dunes, and preserving biodiversity. Thus, despite the relatively low overall forest cover, the forest fund of Kazakhstan holds significant ecological and economic importance, ensuring the stability of natural systems and climatic balance in the country.

This article examines the current distribution and density of green spaces within Almaty through the lens of spatial analysis, aiming to uncover underlying patterns. A key focus is placed on assessing both the numerical and experiential qualities of these green areas, considering factors like tree health, size of green spaces, planting frequency, and the ease with which residents can access them. This study employs a multifaceted approach, integrating statistical data, cartographic insights, geoinformation analysis, and remote sensing techniques.

This study exposes a disparity in green space distribution throughout the city's administrative districts, a situation that detrimentally impacts the ecological equilibrium and overall quality of the urban environment. Furthermore, the landscaping in numerous areas falls short of contemporary urban planning and sanitation guidelines. For enhanced analytical precision, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are employed to visually represent spatial data, in conjunction with Landsat satellite imagery and the NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) to determine soil moisture content.

This article utilizes thematic maps and analytical data to showcase the prevailing trends in Almaty's expanding green infrastructure. The gathered information provides a foundation for crafting strategies aimed at sustainable urban growth, establishing ecological benchmarks, and enhancing the precision of cadastral assessments for urban areas.

In the context of the digitalization of the agricultural sector, the implementation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the processes of monitoring and managing agricultural land is of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of GIS tools for solving tasks related to the updating of land use contours, the analysis of agricultural land conditions, and the support of decision-making processes. A comparative analysis of several functional modules and analytical instruments implemented in ArcGIS was carried out. The research employed remote sensing data, vector layers of agricultural land, and cadastral information. The results demonstrated that the use of GIS technologies significantly improves the accuracy of cartographic materials, the efficiency of data updating, and the quality of spatial analysis, which in turn contributes to more effective land resource management. The paper provides recommendations for integrating the most productive tools into land management and cadastral monitoring practices.

The article examines the current state of the number of Marmots in the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park, their accounting and cadastral work and their results.

In the southern part of the country, in the western part of the Tien Shan mountain system, this animal, which lives in Ugam, Karzhantau, requires special protection. It is found in the Sairam-Ugam State National Natural Park at the headwaters of the Saryaygyr, Kaskasu, Badam, Uly Zhurt, Kishi Zhurt, Shagyrtas and Tikenekti rivers in snow intervals at an altitude of 2100-3500 meters above sea level. This animal belongs to the order of rodents, the squirrel family, and lives in colonies. As a result of various factors, the number of the Menzbir marmot has decreased.  Therefore, this animal is listed in the Red Book of the IUCN and Kazakhstan. This rare and endangered game species has been protected in the Sairam-Ugam State National Nature Park since 2006. Scientific research work has begun on the territory of the park in order to study underground ecology and biology. Body length 40-50 cm, tail length 8.5-13 cm, weight in May 1850-3400 grams.  The belly of the paws is yellow-orange, the tail is dark brown, with incomplete molting it is yellow or even mottled. In summer, when molting, dark tones turn light brown.  They mainly feed on the branches and roots of plants. In spring, thanks to the succulent herbs, they quench their thirst. Menzbir's groundhog wakes up from hibernation in late March and early April. At the end of August, molting ends and 8 months of hibernation begin. Menzbir's groundhog is under strict protection.

The article discusses the design and operation of a new model of lateral intake structure without a reservoir — a vortex-type filtering water intake system. The structure’s components, working process, and results of laboratory experiments are thoroughly described and illustrated graphically. This type of intake is designed for rivers in foothill and plain regions, where traditional lateral intakes often allow up to 90% of sand and gravel sediment to enter the canal along with river water. The proposed filtering intake structure consists of a permeable dam built from local materials and large stones, significantly reducing sediment inflow. The design maintains the natural river flow and additionally provides preliminary water purification and fish protection functions. The structure is located on a curved section of the Karasu River bank, which allows for effective use of water level differences and helical flow patterns to reduce clogging of the dam with suspended particles. The filtering dam is made as a reinforced concrete mesh filled with stones and includes a flushing reservoir and a gated regulator in the downstream section. The study highlights the ecological efficiency and practical value of the proposed water intake system as a sustainable water management solution.

In the context of increasing freshwater scarcity and growing climate risks, the assessment of renewable groundwater resources in Kazakhstan is becoming increasingly important. According to the UN report “Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible” (2022), up to 99% of all freshwater on Earth is groundwater, which plays a crucial role in sustainable development, food security, and climate change adaptation.

In global practice, groundwater is considered a natural resource whose practical value is primarily determined by its renewable reserves. These represent the annual recharge of aquifers and reflect their fundamental property as a renewable mineral resource, defining the upper limit of long-term groundwater abstraction without depletion. The estimation of renewable resources provides insight into regional groundwater availability, the relationship between groundwater and surface water, and the role of subsurface flow in the overall water balance.

This article presents an overview of the hydrogeological characteristics of Kazakhstan, which includes three major hydrogeological regions: folded-mountain structures, consolidated mountain formations, and platform areas. Based on the synthesis of regional studies conducted between the 1960s and 2020s, various methods for assessing renewable groundwater resources are discussed, including hydrological analysis, infiltration-based recharge estimation, hydrogeological analogy, and spatial modeling using ArcGIS tools.

The comparison of regional assessments shows that Kazakhstan’s total renewable groundwater resources range from 1.17 to 1.53 thousand m³/s, or 37-48 km³/year, with an average groundwater runoff layer of 14-19 mm/year and a runoff module of 0.45-0.6 L/s·km². The highest values are observed in the folded-mountain regions of the south and east, where groundwater runoff reaches up to 80 mm/year, and the lowest in the arid western regions. The performed systematization forms a basis for refining the national water balance and improving strategies for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in Kazakhstan.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the general state of water metering processes in melioration systems, including open irrigation networks, is assessed as extremely unsatisfactory. It does not meet modern metrological requirements for state water resources accounting. The main problems include low accuracy of water level and flow measurements, slow data collection, significant water losses due to infrastructure deterioration (up to 70% in some areas), filtration (about 40%) and evaporation. This leads to irrational use of resources and reduced efficiency of agricultural irrigation.

Water metering processes in open irrigation networks of the Zhambyl region are of fundamental importance for improving the efficiency of water resources use in arid climate conditions. The article considers the state of water metering processes in open irrigation networks of the Zhambyl region. The main methods and means of measuring water flow, including channel and hydraulic methods, as well as modern approaches to automation of water metering are described. Particular attention is paid to the technical condition of hydrometric posts, problems of their equipment and operation. It is noted that a significant part of water metering points are in an unsatisfactory condition due to long-term operation and the lack of certification documentation. Initiatives for digitalization and automation of water metering processes are analyzed, including Kazvodkhoz plans to reconstruct canals and introduce automated systems on inter-farm canals. It is noted that, given limited funding, a radical modernization of metering points seems difficult. In this regard, an appropriate direction is the introduction of more accessible and economically sound measurement tools and methods adapted to the specifics of open irrigation canals.

This article explores the methods of cadastral valuation of agricultural lands and analyzes foreign experiences in this field. The study emphasizes the economic significance of land cadastre, its role in market relations and state regulation, and highlights the importance of valuation results in land taxation, rent calculation, and investment decision-making processes. The cadastral valuation systems of Belarus, Latvia, Armenia, and Poland are compared, considering their legal frameworks, applied methods, and frequency of valuation. Based on these comparisons, the authors identify effective practices and directions that could be adapted to the conditions of Kazakhstan.

Particular attention is paid to the impact of soil quality, fertility, and proximity to infrastructure on valuation results. Using the example of “Polyana” LLP in the North Kazakhstan region, the cadastral value and rent of agricultural land were calculated, proving the economic efficiency of long-term lease use. The article stresses the importance of adopting international experience to improve Kazakhstan’s cadastral valuation methodology.

In the research process, scientific publications, periodicals, and statistical data on agricultural land valuation issues were used. The study applied dialectical, logical, economic, and statistical methods. The article provides scientifically grounded recommendations aimed at the rational use of agricultural lands, the development of the land market, and the effective implementation of state programs.

The article comprehensively examines the current population numbers, distribution range, and dynamics of the three main saiga (Saiga tatarica) populations inhabiting Kazakhstan: Betpak-Dala, Ustyurt, and Ural groups. Special attention is given to the modern methods used for population assessment. In particular, ground-based transect surveys, aerial monitoring, and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) were employed to collect extensive data. These data were processed using statistical correction coefficients, which enabled highly accurate estimations of population size and distribution.During the assessment, seasonal migration routes, aggregation areas, and demographic structure of the saiga populations were taken into account. The study revealed that although saiga numbers have increased compared to the early 2000s, the overall population remains in an unstable condition. The Betpak-Dala population is the largest, yet it remains highly vulnerable to external threats. The Ustyurt population requires special protection due to increased ecological pressure. While the Ural population is relatively stable, its range is gradually shrinking as a result of human economic activities.The article also proposes a set of measures aimed at preserving the species and stabilizing its population. Legal aspects include strengthening wildlife protection laws, intensifying anti-poaching efforts, and specifying penalties for violations. From an organizational perspective, it is recommended to enhance population monitoring, improve coordination between scientific institutions and non-governmental organizations, and expand the overall system of ecological observation.

The article highlights the main characteristics and constructive elements of on-farm channels used in the republic. The cross—sectional shapes of the channels are described - trapezoidal, rectangular and parabolic, their parameters, including width, building height and water flow regime. The hydraulic flow parameters and flow modes are mentioned as proof that most channels operate in a calm mode (the number of Froudot is less than 1).

The problems of accounting for water resources arising from siltation and overgrowth of canals with vegetation are also considered in detail, which makes it difficult to operate water meters and keep accurate records. To solve these problems, it is proposed to use portable weirs and develop specialized water measuring devices capable of accounting for both flooded and free flow modes.

The article emphasizes the importance of accurate water metering in conditions of paid water use, where the measurement accuracy should be no more than +/- 5%. Examples of successful operation of water measuring facilities are presented and measures are described to optimize the operation of these facilities to improve measurement accuracy and simplify operational conditions.

Water is supplied to on-farm (intra-farm) canals through main (magistral) and inter-farm canals. At the head of these on-farm canals, various types of water measurement devices — such as stationary channels, thin-walled weirs, flumes, and other structures — are installed to ensure accurate water accounting.

In conditions of increasing shortage of fresh water resources, there is increasing interest in the irrigation quality of collector and drainage waters. The suitability of water for irrigation depends on many factors: mineralization and chemical composition of irrigation water, water permeability of soils and underlying rocks, depth of occurrence and mineralization of groundwater, climate, salt tolerance of cultivated crops. The method of disposal of collector and drainage waters largely depends on the volume of fresh water resources.

A significant amount of collector and drainage water discharged into water sources and the natural lowering of the terrain outside the irrigated areas leads to contamination of water sources with herbicides, pesticides and other agricultural waste. In addition, the discharge of drainage and collector-drainage waters into natural depressions causes a rise in the groundwater level and a deterioration in the reclamation condition of adjacent irrigated lands. In this regard, the scientifically based organization of the reuse of drainage waters at educational sites is of no small importance.

According to hydrological observations at the discharge system monitoring stations in the Turkestan region, the total volume of collector-drainage water from the irrigated areas of the region amounted to 597.8 million m³ in 2022, of which the Myrzachul massif (Maktaaral and Zhetysai districts) accounted for 278.8 million m³, representing about 47% of the total runoff in the region.

The Mirzachul irrigation massif includes the irrigated lands of the Maktaaral and Zhetysai districts of the Turkestan region. According to natural and climatic conditions, it belongs to the semi-desert zone, which is characterized by low precipitation and uneven distribution by seasons, low winter and high summer air temperatures. The climate of the territory is characterized as sharply continental, extremely arid and with a very large amount of solar heat.

In the context of the transformation of Kazakhstan's agricultural sector, the rational use of land resources, which determine food security and sustainable agricultural development, is of particular importance. Socio-economic dynamics reflect changes in the structure and efficiency of land use under the influence of demographic, industrial and institutional factors. The purpose of the article is to systematize and analyze methods for studying the dynamics of socio-economic land use with an emphasis on their applicability in agriculture in Kazakhstan. Theoretical and methodological analysis, classification of scientific approaches, and a review of domestic and foreign research are used. It is shown that the complex application of quantitative and qualitative methods makes it possible to identify the specifics of land-use changes and the factors of its sustainability. It is concluded that it is necessary to adapt existing methods to regional conditions and integrate socio-economic analysis with digital tools.

This article presents an approach to assessing land suitability for irrigated agriculture based on the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method using weighted summation. The aim of the study is to integrate various factors affecting the potential of land for irrigation, taking into account their relative importance. The study is focused on the development and testing of a methodology for evaluating the degree of land suitability for irrigated agriculture in the North Kazakhstan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ten key criteria were identified and quantitatively assessed, including soil, geological parameters, land use, and others. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine the weights of the criteria, which made it possible to structure complex decisions based on pairwise comparisons of criteria. The calculation results, presented in the form of a spatial differentiation map, showed zones with different degrees of suitability for irrigated agriculture. The analysis showed that a high degree of suitability is mainly observed in the northwestern part of the region near lakes and along the Ishim River, whereas lands with low suitability prevail in the southern and southeastern parts. The developed methodology makes it possible not only to determine the current potential of land resources but also to take into account factors affecting their sustainability in the long term. This provides a basis for informed decision-making in the field of sustainable agricultural development and planning, as well as for identifying promising areas for the development of irrigated systems.

This article explores the reintroduction of the kulan (Equus hemionus) into the “Ile-Balkhash” State Nature Reserve, focusing on their adaptation to new ecosystems and the biological rationale behind the project. The study examines the biological characteristics of the species, including distribution range, body structure, weight, behavior during calving and reproduction.

The natural and climatic conditions of the kulans’ habitat are thoroughly analyzed, including data from nearby hydrometeorological stations, geological structure, topography, climate, hydrological regime, soil cover, and vegetation.

The article discusses methods of monitoring the animals in special observation areas and enclosures. During the acclimatization phase, attention is given to supplementary feeding and mineral provision, along with the behavioral patterns of kulans during feeding. To meet the animals’ physiological needs, feed amounts are calculated based on existing biotechnical standards and presented in tabular form. The composition and variety of forage plants consumed by kulans in their primary habitats are also provided.

Data from spring and autumn surveys of vertebrate species in the reserve are presented. The study describes how kulans form large herds during autumn and winter, as well as their behavior during the rutting period, pregnancy duration, and sexual maturity. It also notes the well-developed senses of vision, hearing, and smell in the species.

In the context of Kazakhstan’s ongoing digital transformation, the development of geo-portals based on geospatial databases has become a strategic direction for improving the efficiency and transparency of spatial data management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using geographical databases in the design and implementation of geo-portals and to propose methodological approaches for building a unified geoinformation environment in the country. The research employed platforms such as QGIS, ArcGIS Pro, PostgreSQL/PostGIS, and Leaflet, enabling the integration and visualization of administrative, hydrographic, agricultural, and infrastructural data layers. Emphasis was placed on adherence to open standards (e.g., OGC WMS/WFS, ISO-compliant metadata), role-based access control, and scalable deployment patterns suitable for multi-departmental use. The proposed geo-portal architecture combines data processing, analysis, and visualization workflows, provides near real-time access to spatial information, and incorporates data-quality assurance (topology checks, schema validation), caching, and logging for performance and auditability. Evaluation included interoperability testing with regional and national GIS systems, response-time benchmarking under load, and user acceptance testing with domain experts. The results demonstrate that the application of geodatabases significantly enhances interoperability across platforms, improves discoverability and reuse of authoritative datasets, and contributes to the digital transformation of land management, environmental monitoring, and spatial planning processes in Kazakhstan. The study concludes with practical recommendations on governance, data lifecycle management, and technology stack selection to support sustainable, secure, and extensible geo-portal implementations.

The article discusses the ecological and ameliorative condition of irrigated lands in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, in particular the Shardara massif. The wear and tear of irrigation systems, the deterioration of irrigation water quality, the rise in groundwater levels, and the processes of secondary soil salinization are analyzed. The methodological basis for assessing the condition of hydromeliorative systems was based on M.F. Natalchuk's classification. This method made it possible to objectively determine the technical condition of irrigation systems and their level of functional suitability. This classification is based on a comprehensive analysis of the main parameters characterizing the condition of reclamation systems and the efficiency of irrigation infrastructure. The results of the study conducted on the basis of M.F. Natalchuk's method showed that the current state of hydromeliorative systems is unsatisfactory. That is, most of the irrigation systems in the region are classified as category IV. This shows that the irrigation infrastructure is in an extremely difficult state and requires complete modernization. At the same time, a number of measures have been proposed to upgrade and restore irrigation systems, including increasing the efficiency of canals, introducing modern agricultural technologies, and improving the quality of collector and drainage water. To ensure the sustainable development of irrigated land, there is a need for a comprehensive approach that takes into account environmental, economic, and social aspects.

The world is facing an acute water shortage. The current irrigation methods used in the Shardara region of Kazakhstan are not demand-oriented. This study was conducted to determine the Crop Water Requirement (CWR), Irrigation Water Requirement (IWR), and irrigation scheduling for the major crops grown in the Shardara region, using the CROPWAT model based on climatic, soil, and agricultural data.

The results of the study showed that the total annual precipitation in the region is 236.0 mm, of which the effective rainfall amounts to 58.2 mm. The total crop water requirement reached 1688.1 mm/decade, the net irrigation requirement was 1522.0 mm, and the gross irrigation requirement was 2174.3 mm, taking into account water conveyance losses. The monthly net irrigation requirements according to the scheme were 31.9, 108.8, 293.6, 482.7, 410.8, 247.2, and 113.0 mm in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October, respectively.

In addition, the flow rate of net irrigation demand was 0.11, 0.47, 1.24, 1.68, 0.94, 0.95, and 0.42 L/s/ha in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October, respectively. The CWR and IWR values were higher during the dry season due to high temperatures and low relative humidity. However, the IWR of each crop was low at the initial growth stage and increased to its peak during the full growth stage.

The study recommends the use of the CROPWAT model for accurate assessment of irrigation water requirements. Therefore, a crop irrigation water requirement planning model is crucial for the efficient use of water resources and for adapting to possible climate changes in the agricultural sector.

The article discusses modern approaches to assessing and analyzing the water balance of the Bartogai Reservoir, located in the Shelek River basin. The Bartogai Reservoir is located in the Bartogai tract, 175 km from Almaty and 70 km from the village of Shelek. The total design capacity of the reservoir is 320 mln.m³, the dead volume is 70 mln.m³, the useful volume is 250 mln.m³, the dam height is 60 m, the dam length is 325 m, and the length of the connecting dams is 250 m.

A comprehensive analysis of the main elements of the balance was conducted, including inflow, water withdrawals for economic needs, evaporation, filtration losses, and the operating mode of hydraulic structures. The balance covers the period from January to December 2024, with the result as of January 1, 2025. The volume of water at the beginning of 2024 was 184.0 million m³. During the year, the volume fluctuated: the maximum was 296.9 mln.m³ (May–June), and the minimum was 156.1 mln.m³ (November). At the end of the year (January 1, 2025), it was 186.3 mln.m³. By the end of the year, the reservoir level had almost returned to its initial value (an increase of 2.3 mln.m³).

Based on the collected and processed hydrological data, the effectiveness of current water use was assessed and key problems related to uneven water supply and increasing anthropogenic pressure were identified. The results of the study can be used to optimize reservoir operation modes, improve water supply reliability, and conduct long-term planning in the region's water resources sector.

In modern intensive gardens, the free part of the aisles is sown with perennial grasses, and the trunk strips are kept under black steam. The strips are sown with siderates. Siderates grown in row spacing are systematically mowed, crushed and, after preliminary compaction, left on the surface of the cultivated land in the form of a section. A section of siderates is rich in nitrogen, proteins, starch, sugars, and trace elements; at the same time, compost forms on the surface, and the soil is protected from erosion and erosion. Plant roots improve the mechanical structure of the soil: a system of root tubules is created that accumulate nitrogen, and they also contribute to the accelerated formation of humus and the accumulation of productive moisture in the upper soil layer for a long period of time.

 The soil in the trunk strips is treated mechanically or with herbicides. However, regardless of the method of processing the trunk strips, it is impossible to provide a moisture reserve without protecting their surface from desiccation. The problem is solved in various ways, including mulching the surface of the trunk strips. Mulching has a positive effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the preservation of productive moisture and leads to an increase in fruit quality and yield.

 A promising direction is the cultivation of future material for mulching the surface of the trunk strips in the aisles of the garden, tinted with perennial grasses. The lack of technical means for mulching various grasses in the aisles, followed by compaction of the resulting cutting and their distribution on the surface of the treated trunk strips determines the relevance of these studies.

The article investigates the influence of low-intensity pulsed radiation electromagnetic fields on the cell structure of spring wheat seeds. The study reveals that exposure to this electromagnetic field prior to sowing in a controlled laboratory setting significantly enhances various growth parameters. Specifically, it increases the germination rate and overall germination success, as well as the mass of both sprouts and roots when compared to a control group that did not receive the treatment.

Data collected through optical microscopy from sections of both irradiated and unirradiated seeds, alongside results from differential scanning calorimetry, illustrate that the application of the electromagnetic field induces notable changes in cellular structure. Additionally, alterations in the mineral composition within the grains are observed, leading to the formation of associates and unique crystal structures of starches. These modifications enhance the rate of water diffusion through cell membranes, thereby accelerating seed germination and promoting more robust plant growth. This research underscores the potential of using electromagnetic fields as a beneficial tool in agricultural practices.

                An analysis of the farming equipment currently available in agricultural enterprises for sugar beet cultivation was conducted. The soils in the southern and southeastern zones of Kazakhstan are prone to desiccation, clogging, and have increased hardness. As a result, the traditional sugar beet cultivation technology under these conditions fails to yield the expected results: optimal seedling density, favorable conditions for plant growth, and ultimately, a harvest volume that ensures cost recovery and profit generation. Sugar beet production is mainly concentrated in small and medium-sized farms, which, for economic reasons, cannot afford the expensive tillage, seeding, and beet-harvesting units offered by foreign manufacturers.

               The traditional sugar beet cultivation technology involves plowing, several pre-sowing soil loosenings, leveling, sowing, inter-row cultivation to a depth of up to 25 cm, and beetroot harvesting. Meanwhile, the time gap between soil treatment and sowing operations leads to soil desiccation. Furthermore, tillage implements with passive working parts do not provide the necessary soil crumbling for subsequent high-quality sugar beet seed planting.

               As a result of systematic irrigation and high temperatures in July and August, the soil hardness in the sugar beet inter-rows reaches high values of 3–4 MPa, which impedes moisture penetration to the beet roots and gas exchange. Serially produced row-crop cultivators treat the inter-rows to an insufficient depth (12–14 cm).