No. 3 (107) (2025): Research, results

The article presents the results of breeding and selection work with Kazakh horses of the Jabe type under year-round pasture-based management through purebred breeding. Jabe-type horses differ from the main population of local Kazakh horses in their higher live weight and relatively large body measurements. Jabe stallions have proven themselves as improvers of local steppe horses with a productive orientation in various environmental conditions, ranging from steppe to desert regions of Kazakhstan.

         Through purebred breeding of the Jabe type, based on their genetic characteristics, not only outstanding individual animals were obtained, but also certain genotypes were created that represent significant breeding value.

         The improvement of the breed was achieved through the reproduction and raising of horses with high genetic productivity potential, which is passed down through generations of offspring. This was carried out in breeding farms by line breeding, targeted selection, and pairing of horses.

        The object of the study was the sheep of the Chui type of the Moscow Youth Complex. According to the research methodology, the qualitative indicators of wool were studied in different sex and age groups of sheep (rams, ewes, yarns and rams). In Batai-Shu LLP, during shearing, an individual record of wool shearing was carried out, and wool samples were taken for laboratory analysis from 15 rams, 40 ewes, 10 rams and 15 yarochkas, the length and fineness of wool, the shapes and sizes of crimps were determined.

        The varietal composition of the runes, the zone of staple contamination and the condition of the wool were established. Sheep of the new breed group are characterized by large size, strong constitution and good physique, they are precocious and have a pronounced meat productivity in the presence of a large mass of homogeneous semi-fine wool of high quality. The length of wool is 9-11 cm, the yield of pure fiber is 57% on average for a number of years. Average wool shearing: rams - about 8 kg and ewes - 4 kg; high wool shearing in rams reaches up to 12 kg, and in ewes - up to 8.2 kg.

        Sheep of the new breed group have good fertility. The yield of lambs in adult ewes was about 135% on average for a number of years, and in some years 143.8 lambs were born per 100 engorged ewes. The business yield of lambs was 117.8 per 100 ewes. Lambs are born large, strong, with good overgrowth, and subsequently develop well. On average, for 6 years, the live weight of lambs by the time of weaning from ewes (4-4.5 months) was: for rams - 32.5 kg and for lambs - 31.2 kg.

In the course of the study, an analysis was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of the fat-tailed coarse-wool Gissar sheep bred in Kazakhstan using SNP polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA d-loop region, which consists of an 840 base pair (bp) sequence. Blood and wool follicle samples were collected from Gissar sheep, and 30 animals were selected from the population. DNA molecules were extracted from the samples, and PCR was performed using appropriate primers. The amplified product was then subjected to sequencing. As a result, the nucleotide sequence was found to consist of 33.46% adenine, 34.19% thymine, 13.42% guanine, and 18.93% cytosine. The sequence analysis of the Gissar sheep was aligned with sequence data of domestic and wild sheep breeds available in the NCBI database using the BLAST program. A phylogenetic analysis conducted using the MEGA X program revealed a high level of genetic relatedness (74–80%) among Kazakh Hisar sheep. The Hisar breed originated from the same branch as the Duamo and Khaikha sheep, showing a close phylogenetic relationship. In contrast, European and some Asian sheep breeds were found to be genetically distant, indicating that they belong to different evolutionary lineages.

Thearticleprovidesdataon the study of acuteandcumulative(subchronic)properties of extractsmadefromlocalmedicinalplantraw materials. Based on theresearchdata, it was foundthatextractsmadefromplants do nothaveacuteandcumulativeeffects,andtheyalsohave a beneficialeffecton the body of laboratoryanimals, stimulating the process of theirgrowthanddevelopment. The results of the conductedstudiesshowedthatwith the stimulatingeffect of phytoextractson the body of animals, theincrease in theirliveweightat the end of the experimentwas21.4%higherthan in rabbits of the controlgroup.At the same time, it was foundthat the use of phytoextracts of the maximumpermissibledose(LD50) does notleadto the death of laboratoryanimals,therefore it belongsto the IVhazardclassGOST12.1.007-76(substanceswithlimiteddanger).

This study aims to investigate the polymorphism of the IGFBP3 gene in the Kazakh coarse wool sheep breed. PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing methods were applied in the research. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 380 sheep, and its quality and concentration were determined by spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR and Hae III restriction enzyme treatment were used to identify the polymorphisms of the IGFBP3 gene, resulting in the identification of 6 potential polymorphisms. Sanger sequencing revealed a C>G substitution at position 335 and a missense mutation caused by the Ala>Gly amino acid substitution at position 111. Based on the obtained data, phylogenetic analysis of the Kazakh coarse wool sheep was performed with other sheep breeds available in the NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree consisted of two clusters. This study, utilizing IGFBP3 gene polymorphisms, contributes to improving breeding programs in sheep farming.

The results of this study scientifically confirmed, for the first time, the presence of genetic markers potentially influencing productivity in the Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep breed. The identified missense mutation in the IGFBP3 gene provides new opportunities for selecting economically valuable traits in breeding programs. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed genetic diversity and relationships among sheep breeds. These findings are crucial for the effective utilization of genetic resources and the preservation of adaptive traits of local sheep populations. Verification of the results through comparison with international scientific databases ensures their reliability and high applied significance.

The Saryarka sheep breed is one of the fat-tailed, coarse-wool sheep breeds raised in Kazakhstan, known for its high meat productivity and fertility. Live weight and morphometric traits (body indices) are essential phenotypic indicators in breeding programs, especially for improving meat yield.This study aimed to identify genome-wide associations (GWAS) between SNP markers and live weight as well as five major morphometric traits (interzygomatic width, loin width, chest girth, and cannon bone girth) in the Saryarka sheep breed. Blood samples were collected from 60 animals, genomic DNA was extracted, and genotyping was performed using the OvineSNP50 Genotyping BeadChip. GWAS analysis identified significant SNP markers associated with each trait.The identified markers were annotated to the Ovis aries genome (Oar_v3.1) using the BioMart platform. As a result, six candidate genes IGFBP6, ST7, SCD5, DTNBP1, KYNU, and FTO were found to be associated with live weight and four morphometric traits. These genes are involved in growth regulation, lipid metabolism, tissue development, and immune responses, and are consistent with findings from similar studies in other sheep breeds.The results of this study provide molecular markers associated with meat productivity in the Saryarka sheep breed, establishing a scientific foundation for the development of marker-assisted selection. This opens the way for targeted and efficient genetic improvement in sheep breeding.

The saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep breed is one of the widely spread sheep breeds in Kazakhstan, known for its high productivity and good adaptability to various climatic conditions. The objective this study is to analyze productive and biocharacteristics of the saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep to improve their efficiency in agriculture. In addition to their productive qualities, the study also examined the morphological and biochemical blood parameters of the sheep.

Materials and Methods. The study focused on the saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep. The research followed standard zootechnical methodologies. The productivity of the sheep was studied by determining live weight and wool clipping. Hematological parameters of the sheep's blood were also analyzed.

The saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep showed excellent results in terms of productivity. The rams used in the experiment had high live weight indicators, surpassing the minimum live weight required for elite-class animals, as well as superior wool clipping results. Ewes of the saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool breed used in the experiment were characterized by strong constitution, endurance to extreme conditions, and high productivity. The young animals exhibited high survival rates, while the adult animals demonstrated excellent fertility and resistance to external adverse factors. The analysis of the morphological blood composition showed high reactivity and specific features depending on the breeding value of the animals.

The results of the study confirm that the saryarka fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep possesses high productive and biological characteristics, making it a promising breed for further breeding in Kazakhstan. The results can be used to optimize breeding methods and improve selection work aimed at enhancing the meat and wool productivity of the saryarka breed fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the milk of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), obtained from a private farm located in the southern region of Kazakhstan. The milk was collected under natural conditions and delivered to the laboratory in accordance with sanitary standards. Organoleptic evaluation (color, taste, smell, consistency) confirmed the product’s freshness, high quality, and suitability for consumption.

Physicochemical analysis revealed a fat content of 6.0%, protein - 3.81%, density - 1030.9 g/L, and lactose - 4.78%, confirming the milk’s high nutritional and biological value. Amino acid profiling identified 18 amino acids, with significant amounts of leucine, histidine, and arginine. Amino acid score calculations based on the FAO/WHO reference scale showed a deficiency in some limiting amino acids (isoleucine, valine, lysine).

Gas chromatography detected over 30 fatty acids, with high concentrations of palmitic, pentadecenoic, tridecanoic, and elaidic acids. The presence of essential Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic, EPA, DHA, linoleic) highlights the functional properties of camel milk and its benefits for cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems.

Overall, the findings confirm the biological value of Bactrian camel milk and its potential as a promising raw material for the production of functional dairy products

  This article discusses the prospects of using probiotic preparations in animal husbandry in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where the industry is actively developing. Considering the high sensitivity of productive animals to stress and infectious diseases, the emphasis is placed on the need to replace antibiotics with probiotics. Probiotics stimulate the growth and development of young animals, enhance immunity, and reduce the risk of infections, contributing to improved product quality and economic efficiency. The mechanisms of action of probiotics at the molecular level, their antagonistic activity against pathogens, as well as their impact on the intestinal microflora and immune response are described. Experimental research results using the "Lactobacterin-TK2" preparation demonstrate its effectiveness in increasing the weight gain of calves and reducing morbidity. The study highlights the importance of using ecologically clean and safe probiotic supplements to ensure the health of animals and improve product quality.

This article presents the results of the introduction of embryo transplantation technology at the breeding farm of Baisserke-Agro LLP in the Talgar district of the Almaty region, where the technology of transvaginal aspiration of donor oocytes in cows and their extracorporeal fertilization has been optimized.

The results of our experiments show that the technology of obtaining embryos from highly productive animals using transvaginal aspiration of oocytes and their extracorporeal fertilization is an acceptable method of obtaining offspring with high genetic potential. In our experiments, the yield of suitable oocytes per animal ranged from 3 to 6 oocytes. The optimal follicle diameter recommended for puncture is 3-4 mm or more, and the fertilization rate of oocytes in vitro ranged from 60% to 83.3%.

We also performed ultrasound scanning of the ovaries of donor cows, assessed the functional state of the corpus luteum in recipients by transrectal palpation and ultrasound examination, selected recipients based on rectal palpation and scanning of the corpus luteum of the ovary, recording donor and recipient cows, monitoring recipient animals, and mastering the technology of transvaginal oocyte aspiration.

The introduction of innovative biotechnological reproduction techniques (embryo transplantation, transvaginal aspiration of oocytes) intensifies the selection process in dairy cattle breeding and allows for the modeling of herd structure and an increase in the number of female animals.

This article examines the assessment of racehorses' physiological condition based on the concentration of microelements in their blood serum from a scientific perspective. Due to the intensive development of equestrian sports and national horse racing, accurately and effectively assessing the functional capabilities of the animal's body has become a pressing issue. In this context, microelements and other biologically important elements are considered as the main indicators that ensure muscle function, nervous system stability, blood formation process, and general metabolism.

During the study, the microelement composition (potassium, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron) in blood serum samples of racehorses at various stages of training and competition was determined. According to the obtained data, it was proven that the fluctuation of microelements is closely related to the horse's endurance to physical loads, the intensity of metabolism, and the overall physiological state. In addition, it was found that the deficiency or excess of certain microelements significantly affects sports performance and recovery time.

Based on the results presented in the article, the importance of monitoring microelements for a comprehensive assessment of racehorse health and effective planning of training programs is substantiated. This research allows for the application of scientifically based approaches to veterinary control and increasing the performance of sport horses.

The article examines changes in vegetation caused by pasture degradation on sites located in the foredune plain and the Taukum sandy massif. Based on field studies conducted in the foredune plain, a sequence of degradation stages of Artemisia-dominated phytocenoses was identified, culminating in the formation of Ceratocarpus and Peganum-type catacenoses. The direction of vegetation change is determined by ecological conditions, anthropogenic pressure, and the intensity of grazing. These factors lead to the replacement of valuable forage species by weedy plants, annual saltworts, and xerophytes that are poorly suited for livestock consumption. It has been shown that the stages of digression depend on the relief, microclimate, and substrate structure. In interdune depressions, late stages of degradation prevail, characterized by weedy modifications. In the Taukum sandy massif, the most widespread types of pasture weed modifications were identified, including Ceratocarpus arenarius, Artemisia scoparia, Gypsophila paniculata, Secale sylvestre, Eremurus inderiensis, and Artemisia leucodes. It was established that the absence of a rotational grazing system leads to a sharp decline in phytocenotic diversity and overall degradation of pasture vegetation. The results highlight the urgent need for sustainable pasture management, measures for the restoration of degraded ecosystems, and the prevention of desertification.

Viral diseases cause significant harm to fruit crops, often making it economically unprofitable to operate plantations or causing the death of plants in the nursery and gardens. The main thing in the prevention of viral infections is the planting of industrial plantations with cured planting material. The production of improved planting material consists of several stages. Initial plants choose plants, typical for the variety, characterized by high productivity. After the selection of the original plants, they are tested for viral infection and recovery (if testing revealed diseases) and reproduction.  Healing of the initial plants is carried out by the method of apical meristem culture, thermotherapy methods, chemotherapy and their combination. The article presents data on the diagnosis of juice-carrying viruses by the method of herbaceous indicators and RT-PCR, the improvement of varieties and rootstocks of plums and cherries by the method of culture of apical meristem in combination with thermotherapy. The stages of clonal micropropagation technology from sterilization of apex tissues introduced into the culture, regeneration, proliferation (reproduction) and rhizogenesis (rooting in vitro) have been worked out. The influence of monochromatic light on the processes of regeneration of plant tissue is shown in vitro. In culture in vitro introduced plants two varieties and two rootstocks of plum, two varieties and two rootstocks of cherry. For each varieties and rootstocks optimized conditions for sterilization of exploiters introduction to tissue culture. The composition of nutrients in stages introduction in vitro, micropropagation and rooting microcloned plants. Thermotherapy regimen worked out. Established by positive effect of red and blue LED lamps on the proliferation of apex varieties and rootstocks of stone crops. In culture ex vitro obtained virus-free pre-basic uterine plants of clone rootstocks WC-13 and BBA-1.

The research presented in the article is aimed at studying the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the green mass of spring soft wheat of the Shortandinskaya 95 improved variety in various phases of plant growth and development, depending on the application of mineral fertilizers and cultivation technology. The choice of cultivation technology, fertilizer application rates, varieties and previous crops should ensure optimal conditions for the full development of the plant. The study of chlorophyll in soft wheat is necessary to assess its physiological state, the level of photosynthesis and the ability to form a high and high-quality crop. As a result of the research, the content of chlorophyll a and b, as well as carotenoids in the green mass of soft wheat in the tillering phase and in the tube phase was determined. These studies will make it possible to establish the effect of chlorophyll accumulation in soft wheat on yield, depending on cultivation technologies and fertilizer application doses in the Akmola region. In the course of the research, variants with the introduction of P60 af were identified. in steam under the traditional farming system in the grain-and-steam crop rotation, P80 af.+ N aa in the ranks of diagnostics in the fruit-changing crop rotation. With zero cultivation technology in the grain-and-steam crop rotation, the best option is the introduction of P20 N20 naf. in rows, variant P20 af.+ N30 AA in autumn superficially – in the fruit-bearing area. The yield of spring wheat grains, depending on the method and time of application of ammonium nitrate in nitrogen-phosphorus variants, was not noted. Correlation analysis determined the average correlation between the total chlorophyll a and b content and yield, regardless of crop rotation and farming system, from 0.68 units to 0.70 units. 

Grafting of cucumber on other species of the family has a positive effect on the growth and development of grafted plants, increasing the productivity and stability of grafted samples. In these studies, the effect of a new rootstock material, the fig-leaved pumpkin, a sample from Korea by Seminis, on grafted cucumber varieties Adritto and Asylym was studied in greenhouse conditions. The results showed an increase in productivity in grafted cucumber varieties compared to their rootstock samples. Thus, the Adritto variety showed 15.9 kg/m2, its rootstock sample showed 12.9 kg/m2, an increase of 22.9%, while the Asylym variety showed 15.9 kg/m2 and 14.7 kg/m2, respectively, an increase of 15.7%. There was an increase in the number of flowers and fruits in the grafted cucumber varieties, and the increase in productivity was due to the greater number of fruits: the grafted Adritto variety had a total of 512 fruits, while the rootstock variety had 417 fruits. The grafted Asylum variety had 544 fruits, while the rootstock variety had 419 fruits. Due to the fact that the fig-leaved pumpkin is not inferior to other rootstock samples in terms of all key indicators and shows good results, it can be used as a rootstock for various greenhouse cucumber varieties.

Microtubers play an important role in seed potato production technology, as they have great advantages in storage, transportation and mechanization due to their small size and weight. Production of microtubers under sterile conditions is a good way to produce healthy seed material. In this work, we carried out a comparative analysis of potato microtubers of the Gala variety (NORIKA GMBH, Germany) and a number of transgenic lines obtained on the basis of this variety. Transgenic plants were previously obtained as part of a study on the use of the HIGS (host-induced gene silencing) approach to control the potato and tomato plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. The implementation of the HIGS method leads to expression of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) in the transgenic plants. Such plants when infected with a pathogen cause silencing of the pathogen’s genes of its effector, which prevents germination and reproduction of the pathogenic organism in the plant. The basis of this method is modification of plants with relatively short transgenic cassettes that do not encode target proteins. Therefore, it is expected that such transgenic plants should not have phenotypic and physiological differences from plants of the original variety. We obtained microtubers of non-modified plants and six lines of transgenic plants carrying three types of transgenic inserts. We compared such properties of the obtained microtubers as weight, dormancy period, appearance, rate and percentage of germination in soil. The obtained data showed the absence of statistically significant differences between transgenic and non-transgenic microtubers for all studied properties, except for the rate of germination in soil. Two of six studied transgenic lines showed an increase in the germination rate in open ground by ~ 1.6 times.

Modern agriculture is undergoing a transition toward sustainable technologies, which involve reducing the use of chemical pesticides. Biological control using entomophages offers an eco-friendly alternative; however, its widespread implementation is limited by the labor intensity of manual distribution and the inaccessibility of certain agricultural areas. This paper presents the development of the BioDrop hardware–software system—an attachable device for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that enables precise distribution of entomophages in biodegradable PLA capsules. The methodology of rapid prototyping (3D modeling, FDM printing), control system architecture based on Raspberry Pi → ESP32 with GPS/GLONASS navigation and an Android application, as well as laboratory and field tests, are described. A 100% emergence rate of Trichogramma spp. imagos was achieved at +30 °C within 6 hours, with a capsule drop deviation of less than 1 m in wind conditions up to 8 m/s at a height of 3 m. The production cost of one capsule was 36 KZT. The results confirm the effectiveness of automated entomophage distribution under field conditions.

Thus, the developed BioDrop hardware–software system has demonstrated high efficiency and practical applicability for automated entomophage deployment in agricultural fields. The use of PLA capsules, accurate navigation, and stable device performance under varying weather conditions confirm its potential as a sustainable and economically viable alternative to chemical plant protection methods. The obtained results—100% emergence rate of Trichogramma spp., minimal drop deviation, and low capsule cost—highlight the promise of this technology for large-scale integration into biological farming systems.

Keywords: entomophages, biological plant protection, unmanned aerial vehicles, PLA capsules, precision application, hardware–software system

The article presents the results of evaluation of breeding lines of winter soft wheat. Wide limits of variation have been established for such characteristics as ear length (7.6–13.4 cm), weight of 1000 grains (30.17–45.68 g), number of grains per ear (32.0–53.7 pcs.), yield (22.4–29.0 kg/ha). Seven lines significantly exceeded the standard in terms of yield, while the 20061-12 line demonstrated the maximum result (29.0 c/ha), combining coarse grain and high productivity. According to the technological characteristics, most of the samples met the requirements of food grains: 80% — first class in terms of crude gluten content, 100% — in terms of the number of drops. High vitreous content and satisfactory baking qualities were noted; bread volume - 460-840 ml, organoleptic rating - 1.90–3.40 points. The lines 20009-6, 18952-1 and 20841-2 were distinguished by the best baking performance. According to the set of characteristics, six promising lines were selected for subsequent breeding use. The data obtained are of practical importance for the milling and baking industries and can be used to optimize breeding programs for winter wheat in Kazakhstan.

Pesticides are chemical substances used against harmful organisms (pests, diseases, weeds) of agricultural crops. The number of pesticides used in agriculture increases from year to year. Control of pesticide residues in food products and food raw materials is a priority task in every country's food security. Every year pests and diseases cause an enormous damage to the spring barley crop and apple fruits. Various groups of pesticides are used to protect these crops from harmful organisms. A large number of pesticides used in agriculture have a negative impact on the environment, human life and health. Control of the content of pesticides in environmental objects is a necessary condition for ensuring human health and quality of life. Most of the pesticides can enter plants from soil and water through the root system and accumulate in the resulting product. Pesticides can enter the body of animals along with feed and water and remain in their fat, meat and milk. General cumulative pollution of the environment with pesticides is dangerous to human health. Therefore, pesticides are used only in strict compliance with regulations.

This article examines the dynamics of decomposition and residual quantities of pesticides used against spring barley and apple fruit harmful organisms. According to the results of the study, the insecticide thiamethoxam was found in the grain of spring barley in an amount not exceeding the MRL. No chemical pollutants were found in apple fruits.

With changes in climatic, economic, and socio-demographic conditions in different regions of the world, the general background will be the increasing influence of adverse factors related to global climate change, such as rising temperatures, reduced water availability, drought, land degradation, increased use of crop products for animal husbandry. There is no doubt that overcoming these negative factors and achieving sustainable economic development, both in Kazakhstan and globally, depends crucially on innovative technologies, diversification of the agro-industrial complex, and the development of the scientific sector. The main novelty of the research work in Kazakhstan will involve the use of genetic resources from the global gene pool for sorghum crops, which will be evaluated based on their important biological and economic characteristics. Modern resource-saving technologies for cultivating sorghum crops based on direct seeding methods will also be introduced. According to the results of the research, phenological observations of the growth and development of sorghum crop genotypes in the Almaty region showed that most of the sugar sorghum collection samples were medium-early genotypes, while the grain sorghum, Sudan grass, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid samples were early genotypes. In other regions, some of the collection samples were medium-early genotypes, while most of the genotypes were late.

36 genotypes were tested in the ecological variety testing of sorghum crops in the Almaty region (irrigated and rainfed).

The article presents the results of competitive variety trials of seven white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) genotypes obtained through breeding, compared with the standard variety Nezhenka. The research was conducted under open-field conditions with a threefold replication. The evaluation of the genotypes was carried out based on a set of morphological, economically valuable, and marketable traits. The analysis showed that genotypes Kb 00-06 and Kb 00-02 demonstrated the highest yields (48.4 and 47.8 t/ha, respectively), significantly exceeding the yield of the standard variety (38.4 t/ha). Moreover, these genotypes were distinguished by high head density and excellent taste qualities, confirmed by a maximum rating of 5 points. In terms of marketable product yield, Kb 00-06 and Kb 00-02 also outperformed the standard variety, reaching 85.9% and 82.7%, respectively. The study also revealed other favorable traits of these genotypes, such as high disease resistance and minimal quality losses. The results confirm the potential of these genotypes for further breeding use and highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment of various agronomic and marketable traits when selecting genotypes for the development of new cabbage varieties.

The article presents the results of optimization of growing conditions for 10 cisgenic lines of the Aksor potato variety in aeroponics, an innovative approach to obtaining high-quality seed material. Adaptation of test-tube potato plants in sterile agroboxes with controlled microventilation reduced stress and increased survival during the transition to aeroponics. This ensured high survival of plants during the transition from in vitro to in vivo conditions, stimulating the active formation of stolons and minitubers. A comparative analysis of the productivity and distribution of tuber sizes among cisgenic potato lines was carried out.

A total of 376 minitubers were obtained when growing cisgenic lines of the Aksor potato variety in aeroponics. Of these, 4.9–8.5% were tubers sized 30–55 mm, and the smallest fraction ranged from 9.6 to 20.3%. The TG33, TG103, and TG85 lines were in the lead in terms of the number of mini-tubers. Growing the Aksor potato variety in aeroponics ensured environmentally friendly production, accelerated plant growth, allowed for a stable harvest regardless of climatic conditions, and reduced the costs of care and transplantation. The aeroponic method demonstrated high efficiency and promise for year-round production of high-quality seed potatoes.

Data on the state of study of jewel beetles (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) of the Aktobe region (Western Kazakhstan) are presented the article. The main objective of the study is to identify the species composition of jewel beetles in this region. An information map of route studies was created using elements of GIS technology in the Google Earth Pro 7.3.6.10201 (64-bit) program. As a result of studying the collection materials of the RSE on the Right of Economic Management "Institute of Zoology" of the KS MSHE RK and literature data, 30 species and subspecies of jewel beetles from 9 genera, 6 tribes and 4 subfamilies (Julodinae, Polycestinae, Chrysochroinae, Agrilinae) were identified in the Aktobe region. In terms of species diversity at the subfamily level, jewel beetles are distributed as follows: Julodinae – 1 species (3.3 % of the total identified fauna), Polycestinae – 1 (3.3 %), Chrysochroinae – 11 (36.7 %), Agrilinae – 17 (56.7 %). At the genus level, the genera Agrilus (12 species) and Sphenoptera (9 species) turned out to be the richest in this territory. Trophically, the identified jewel beetle species are associated with trees and shrubs from 11 families. Distribution of jewel-beetles in natural ecosystems is considered. In general, xerophilous species significantly predominate in the fauna of jewel beetles of the Aktobe region. The percentage of narrowly and relatively narrowly distributed species is also high, which emphasizes the uniqueness of the fauna of jewel beetles of this naturally interesting region.

This article presents results of evaluating melon and watermelon varieties from South Korea according to a set of biological and economically valuable characteristicsin conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan. As a result of the work carried out, the most productive melon and watermelon samples with a complex of economically valuable features were identified.The purpose of this study is to determine adaptability of melon and watermelon varieties of Korean selection in conditions of foothill zone of southeast Kazakhstan.

             The research was conducted on basis of the Kainar Regional Branch of the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing. The growth and development of melon and watermelon varieties from South Korea in soil and climatic conditions of foothill zone of southeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan was studied. In research, we studied morphological features of melon and watermelon by plants and separately by fruits.

             According to results of phenological observations, 3 melon samples were classified as medium-ripened and 2 samples were classified as medium-late ripening groups.

The Melon Seed Santofe and Melon Seed Sorren to Salmеn samples were distinguished by their productivity. In the conditions of the southeast of  Kazakhstan, Melon Seed Silver Wave and Melon Seed Earlis samples showed low yields compared to standard varieties of domestic breeding. The selected varieties will be used in further breeding work.

             The results of study revealed that certain varieties of melon and watermelon from South Korea show high adaptability and plasticity in conditions of foothill zone of southeastern Kazakhstan. These variety samples can be used in breeding work to create new varieties and hybrids that meet requirements of modern market.

Watermelon Seed Jikkomi sample is recommended for production as a portioned watermelon for sales through supermarket chains, and for possible zoning in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

            Keywords: variety, sample, melon, watermelon, fruit, yield, tasting.

The article presents the results of an assessment of anthropogenic factors (crop rotation culture and fertilizers) on the degree of degralization of irrigated light chestnut soils in southeastern Kazakhstan. It has been revealed that the differences between degraded and non-degraded soils are most evident in the structure of the soil profile and, above all, in the thickness of the humus horizon. Degraded soils are characterized by a reduction in the humus horizon (A+B) by 10-15%. This problem is particularly acute in irrigated agriculture, which is associated with accelerated mineralization of fresh organic matter and the rapid occurrence of its deficiency in the soil, increasing the load on humus and causing its increased decomposition. Crop rotation crops, taking into account their biological characteristics, provide the accumulation of nutrients in different ways and contribute to the preservation of soil fertility. Alfalfa leaves a significant amount of plant residues in the soil, enriching it with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. After alfalfa, winter wheat with an oatmeal mixture left the largest amount of crop and root residues. Sugar beet and soybeans, with a relatively lower accumulation of crop and root mass, require additional application of mineral and organic fertilizers. Green fertilizer play a special role in preserving the soil structure, their residues decompose faster compared to other crops.

The research was conducted in 2024 at the «Dzhantor» greenhouse complex of Kavunov, located in the Enbekshikazakh district of the Almaty region. The aim of the study was to develop a biologically based integrated protection system against major greenhouse whiteflies damaging cucumber crops grown under protected conditions. The entomophagous insect Encarsia formosa was used as a biological control agent, and its effect on pest population dynamics was evaluated. The biological efficiency of releasing Encarsia formosa at a rate of 2 individuals/m² was 61.3%. Due to unfavorable weather conditions, the biological preparation Aktarofit 1.8 was additionally applied against the pest, and its efficiency was studied. The biological efficiency of two applications of the preparation against the pest was 87,5%. After the full harvest, chemical treatments were carried out in the greenhouse to completely eliminate the remaining sucking pests, including individuals entering diapause. The use of a biologically based integrated protection system is of great importance in cucumber cultivation under greenhouse conditions.

Viroids are small plant pathogens that do not encode proteins. Despite their simple structure, viroids can cause serious metabolic and developmental disorders in plants, leading to a various of symptoms, as well as a decrease in yield and product quality. The diagnosis of viroids is especially relevant for fruit crops, since infections are often asymptomatic in the early stages.

This study presents the results of simultaneous detection of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) in stone fruit crops. Leaf samples from peach trees showing clinical signs of viroid infection were collected from the Nauryzbai district of Almaty city. By reverse transcription followed by duplex polymerase chain reaction (duplex RT-PCR) using specific primers designed in this study, HSVd and PLMVd RNAs were detected in a number of samples, and the presence of RNAs of both viroids was shown in one sample. Subsequently, amplicons were purified, which were then sequenced by Sanger to determine the nucleotide sequences of both viroids. BLAST analysis confirmed the presence of HSVd and PLMVd. These results indicate the circulation of HSVd and PLMVd in the Almaty region. This highlights the necessity of introducing regular viroid diagnostics in stone fruit crops in Kazakhstan

In 2024, when winter wheat was placed along the alfalfa layer, the best indicators of productive elements were observed with traditional cultivation technology: the number of plants was 298.4 pcs./ m²; productive bushiness - 1.2 pcs.; ear length - 9.9 cm; the number of grains per ear was 28.3 pcs. with a mass of 1000 grains - 44.4 g, quite high the indicators of the course of formation of productive elements were observed when minimizing soil treatments with pruning of the alfalfa root neck at a depth of 12-14 cm. productivity indicators were 284.2 pcs./m²; 1.1 pcs.; 9.5 cm; 28.0 pcs. and 44.1 g, respectively.

In the fruit-shifting crop rotation, when winter wheat was placed after safflower, the best indicators of the productive elements of winter wheat were obtained by direct sowing without any soil treatments and before harvesting, the number of preserved plants was 289.0 pcs/m², the average productive bushiness was 1.15 pcs with an ear length of 9.3 cm, the number of grains in an ear was 26.8 pcs. 1000 grains – 42.8 g .

When winter wheat was mixed after safflower, the best grain yields were achieved with direct sowing of 30.5 c/ha, and when winter wheat was cultivated using alfalfa, the best grain yields of 34.0 c/ha were obtained using traditional technology.

In the acutely arid year 2025, the largest number of preserved plants per unit area of 251 pcs./ m², with a productive bushiness of 0.83 pcs., with an ear length of 8.7 cm, with an average number of grains of 17.9 and a weight of 1000 grains - 28.4 g were provided by direct sowing of winter wheat when placed after safflower. 

The article presents the results of evaluation of prospective samples of tomato of open ground of domestic selection for 2023-2024. All studied samples were described according to morphological parameters, all were given a comprehensive assessment of economically valuable characteristics. The samples had a determinant type of bush, are characterized by non-stem plants, differ in habitus, leaf size, length of growing periods, ripening time, total and commercial yield. They also differ from each other in the complex of signs of the fetus: in color, size (large and medium), shape (rounded, plum-shaped, pear-shaped), with a large and small indentation of the scar at the place of separation of the fetus from the stalk, in volume - 2-3 chamber and multi-chamber. The studied samples were characterized by good productivity, relative resistance to the main types of diseases and high biochemical indicators. All these features have both theoretical and practical significance. The created variety samples are superior or are at the standard level in terms of total yield and quality of fruits, have different ripening periods, some are in state variety testing, and the remaining variety samples will be further recommended for transmission, and can also serve as a starting material for further tomato breeding.

Viral diseases of seed crops pose a serious threat to horticulture in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, reducing the yield and durability of plantings. The purpose of this study was to identify the complex of the most common viruses of seed crops by the method of reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction in real time (RT-PCR, RT-qPCR). In 2023-2024, 57 samples of apple and pear trees were examined, selected in Almaty, Zhambyl and Turkestan regions. A total of six viruses were tested: ApMV, ASGV, ApNMV, AGCaV, ARWV1 and ARWV2. As a result, three viruses were identified: ApMV (18.3% of samples), ASGV (12.4%) and ApNMV (9.7%). The AGCaV, ARWV1 and ARWV2 viruses were not detected. The highest infection rate was observed in apple varieties Aport and Golden Delicious, while viruses were detected less frequently in pears. For the first time, systematic data on the prevalence of a complex of seed crop viruses in the southern regions of Kazakhstan are presented, which is of practical importance for the development of programs for the improvement of planting material and the organization of phytosanitary monitoring.

This study presents the results of research on the acclimatization of Populus diverisifolia Schrenk seedlings obtained through in vitro microclonal propagation. After transferring the plants from sterile culture to greenhouse conditions, the effects of various substrates on growth parameters, survival rate, and root system development were examined. Substrates included mixtures of peat with sand, vermiculite, perlite, and forest soil. The best results were observed with a 1:1 mixture of forest soil and sand, which provided a growth increase of up to 4.5 ± 0.3 cm over 8 weeks and a survival rate of up to 92%. This effectiveness is attributed to the high biological activity and balanced mineral composition of forest soil. Root system development showed a steady progression over the 8-week acclimatization period, with root length reaching 5.8 ± 0.5 cm and the number of lateral roots increasing to 8–12. The obtained data confirm the effectiveness of the selected conditions for microclonal propagation and acclimatization of Populus diverisifolia Schrenk, which holds practical significance for the restoration of tugai forests and the conservation of biodiversity. The study also demonstrates the promising potential of applying biotechnological methods in forest management in Kazakhstan.

Wheat breeding plays a pivotal role in ensuring food security, as wheat ranks among the most demanded and widely cultivated cereal crops globally. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of a collection of wheat breeding lines, utilizing agronomic, phytopathological parameters, and molecular-genetic screening. The main traits are described in detail, including days to heading (ranging from 21 to 221 days, predominantly mid-season lines), plant height (92–134 cm), and NDVI biomass index (51–72.5), with emphasis on promising lines exhibiting high NDVI values (>70). Evaluation for yellow rust resistance identified seven immune and five moderately susceptible lines; approximately 60% of the genotypes displayed immunity to the causal agent of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Resistance levels were classified according to the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC): resistant (AUDPC <200), moderately resistant (200–400), and susceptible (>400) groups. Molecular screening revealed the presence of the recessive tsn1 allele, associated with resistance to PtrToxA, in 18 lines (52.94%). Correlation analysis indicated mostly weak associations between agronomic traits and disease resistance, except for expected strong positive correlations among parameters related to a single disease. Statistical analysis demonstrated considerable variability and the presence of outliers in most traits, underscoring the necessity for robust analytical methods. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating conventional and modern assessment approaches for selecting promising wheat lines in breeding programs.

This research is dedicated to a comprehensive investigation of the impact of common root rot on spring durum wheat under various soil and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan. The research employed modern phytopathological assessment methods, including field, laboratory, and molecular-genetic analyses. Field experiments were conducted in 2024 at two locations (Almaty and Aktobe regions) using a three-factor design: plant growth stages (tillering, harvesting), infection backgrounds (fungicidal, artificial, natural), and 14 wheat varieties 4 lines.

The research focuses on evaluating the effects of common root rot on spring durum wheat in the conditions of Kazakhstan. It was found that the degree of plant infection significantly depended on the growth stage: the highest incidence (51.25%) and disease development (13.78%) were recorded at the harvest stage. The application of fungicides demonstrated high effectiveness, reducing infection by 47% compared to the artificial infection background. Significant varietal differences in resistance were identified: Gordeyforme 254 (20.00%), Yantarnaya 160 (25.71%), and line 248/255 (21.43%) exhibited the lowest susceptibility, while the highest infection levels were observed in the varieties Serke (40.00%) and Yantarnaya 150 (37.14%). The disease had a negative impact on productivity: under the artificial infection background, stem length decreased by 14.6%, spike length by 12%, and grain weight by 9.8%. The highest grain yields were maintained by the varieties Kargala 69 (15.93 g), No. 512 (L-3599; 15.93 g), and No. 545 (Tselinnitsa; 15.33 g).

The results of this research have practical importance for breeding resistant varieties and developing an effective protection system for spring durum wheat in Kazakhstan.

Downy mildew, caused by the pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most harmful and widespread diseases of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), affecting plants in both open fields and protected environments. The disease has been reported in all major cucumber-growing regions, including Kazakhstan, and can lead to significant reductions in yield and product quality. Under current conditions, the most effective, environmentally safe, and economically justified method of protecting plants from downy mildew is the use of varieties and hybrids with genetic resistance to the pathogen.

The aim of this study was the molecular identification of cucumber samples resistant to downy mildew using PCR analysis and microsatellite (SSR) markers associated with resistance loci. In total, 35 breeding cucumber samples were analyzed. Using SSR markers, an association of resistance with QTL regions Dm5.1 and Dm5.3 was established. The marker CAPs_ENK60, associated with the Dm5.1 locus, identified resistance in 26 samples (74.2%). The second marker, Dm5.3-SSR00772, located in the Dm5.3 region, confirmed resistance in 32 samples (91.4%).

The results demonstrate the high efficiency of using molecular markers in cucumber breeding for resistance to downy mildew. The identified resistant samples are of significant interest for further breeding efforts and can be used in programs to develop new resistant cucumber varieties and hybrids.

Currently, mushroom farming, particularly the cultivation of champignons, is actively developing in Kazakhstan. For the production of mushrooms, the republic has significant resources and a raw material base, including those consisting of the waste products of agricultural production and the food industry. However, for the full cycle of champignon production, sphagnum peat is used in world practice to cover the substrate, but Kazakhstan does not have any significant reserves of it. Import from Russia and Western European countries leads to significant expenses.

The purpose of our research was to test various materials that could potentially replace peat. The most available bulk substances were taken. The most promising were coal slag and expanded clay aggregate, the reserves of which in the republic are practically unlimited. When conducting research on the suitability of various substrates as cover material for growing champignons, it can be concluded that coal slag and expanded clay crumbs are good substitutes for expensive sphagnum peat and can be used in mushroom production in Kazakhstan. Studies have shown that when they are used correctly, the mushroom yield per unit area will not be lower than the cover layer consisting of a mixture of peat and chalk.

Improving grain quality remains a priority for spring soft wheat breeding, especially given the growing demands of the food industry. The development of molds with improved baking properties and stable technological parameters is relevant, which requires the use of genetic resources with a wide variability of biochemical characteristics. The results of evaluation of 127 spring wheat samples from 4 international CIMMYT nurseries (3-4 HZWYT and 14-15 HZWYT-EM), including precocious lines with high zinc content, are presented. Field and laboratory studies were conducted on the basis of “Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing” LLP and included an assessment of the technological parameters of grain and flour: nature, protein, gluten, vitreous, IDC and sedimentation. There are 6 highly productive (≥ 55.0 c/ha) forms resistant to brown and yellow rust with high baking properties, recommended for inclusion in breeding programs adapted to the conditions of Kazakhstan.

 The article presents the results of studies conducted in 2024–2025 to determine the effectiveness of using modern herbicides against quarantine weeds common in the southeast of Kazakhstan. The studies were conducted to study the biological effectiveness of using modern herbicides NAK-2024-004, v.r. (imazapyr, 250 g/l), Glyphosance Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g/l) and Aristocrat Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g/l) against rhaponticum repens, annual ragweed and field dodder.

The use of modern herbicides NAK-2024-004, v.r. (imazapyr, 250 g / l), Glyphosance Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g / l) and Aristocrat Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g / l) in the fight against quarantine weeds creeping bitter weed, common ragweed and field dodder confirms its effectiveness as a chemical method of plant protection. The biological efficiency indicators of the herbicide NAK-2024-004, v.r. (imazapyr, 250 g / l) against creeping bitter weed at a consumption rate of 2.5 l / ha during the entire observation period amounted to 91.0-87.8%, respectively, and the herbicide Glyphosance Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g / l) at the rate of 4 l / ha against quarantine weeds creeping bitterling, common ragweed and dodder amounted to 93.1 and 92.9%, 92.7-100% and 98.0 - 98.8%, respectively, and the herbicide Aristocrat Super, v.r. (glyphosate (potassium salt) 540 g / l) - 92.8-91.8%, 93.9-98.7% and 98.0 - 98.8%. Timely implementation of preventive and protective measures with their use in a comprehensive system of protection against quarantine weeds will minimize damage from diseases and increase the yield of agricultural crops. The results of this study will be useful to local economic entities in developing effective protection systems against various quarantine weeds.

Research Findings: The study confirmed the potential of MAR as an effective tool for water balance regulation in Kazakhstan. Field trials revealed that managed aquifer recharge helps reduce water loss due to evaporation, improve water quality through natural filtration, and mitigate flood risks.

Scientific novelty: This is the first comprehensive assessment of MAR applicability in Kazakhstan in the context of sustainable water resource management. Groundwater recharge models were developed considering the climatic and hydrogeological characteristics of the region. The study demonstrates the possibility of integrating MAR into national water strategies.

Practical significance: Implementing MAR in Kazakhstan will help create strategic water reserves, enhance agricultural resilience to droughts, and minimize flood-related damage. The study provides a scientific basis for developing state programs on water resource management and integrating MAR into the agro-industrial sector.

Background and Aim.  The Karaozek River is one of the most important in the Syrdarya basin. In recent years, studies have been conducted to determine the species composition and assess the current state of the ichthyophane of the Karaozek River. In this regard, it is of great importance to determine and evaluate the current species composition of the ichthyofauna of the Karaozek River.

Materials and methods. To determine the composition of the ichthyofauna, nets were set and the species composition of the fish caught was determined, as well as an estimate of the length, weight and upitonicity of the fish.

Results. The ichthyofauna of the studied river comprised 11 fish species: 6 indigenous and 5 non-indigenous. All captured fish belong to 7 families: Cyprinidae, Leuciscidae, Acheilognathidae, Xenocyprididae, Gobionidae, Percidae, Gobiidae. Among the captured fish, species from the carp family are the most widespread. The proportion of indigenous fish species inhabiting the Karaozek River significantly exceeds the non-indigenous ichthyofauna, constituting 54.4% of the total volume. Based on the results of the work, thespeciescomposition of the ichthyofauna of the KaraozekRiver was determined andthecurrentstate of nativefishspecies was assessed.

Conclusion. According to the results obtained, there are no sharp changes in the hydrochemical parameters of the Karaozek River water, no threats to the vital activity of aquatic organisms and fish have been identified. The species composition of native fish has been preserved in the ichthyofauna, which indicates that native fish species are not strongly affected by alien fish species.

The article examines the current state and potential of surface water resources in the North Kazakhstan region. An assessment of the quantity and quality of water in the rivers and lakes of the region has been carried out, and the parameters of water availability by region have been determined. Special attention is paid to the hydrological characteristics of the Yesil River, including the intraannual distribution of runoff and the influence of reservoirs. The possibilities of using water resources for the needs of agriculture, water supply, recreation and tourism are analyzed. A conditional scale for assessing water availability has been developed and measures for effective management of the region's water resources have been proposed. 

This article is devoted to the analysis of the state of water bodies in the North Kazakhstan region (North Kazakhstan region) and the formation of scientifically sound approaches to their management in the context of sustainable development. The results of an inventory of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in the region are presented, the volume and quality of water resources are assessed, and key trends in water use by industry are identified. The classification of the region's lakes by geomorphological and hydrochemical characteristics is carried out, the features of the intraannual distribution of runoff and the influence of hydraulic structures on the hydrological regime are considered. Recommendations on water conservation, the development of irrigation agriculture, as well as the use of small lakes for water supply and fishing are proposed. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive cartographic and quantitative assessment of the water resources of the North Kazakhstan region based on modern methods of spatial analysis. The results of the article can be used by government agencies, scientific institutions and business entities in planning water management activities and territorial development.

This article presents data on the biological and ecological features of halophytic semi-shrubs (Nitraria schoberi, Calligonum caput-medusae Schenk) of the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan, that is, in the Kyzylorda region. Based on foreign and domestic scientific literature, a review of the necessary research was conducted, the relevance of the topic and research methods were identified. Based on the data from the scientific literature describing the flora of the region and as a result of field work, information was obtained on the species of halophytes growing in the Kyzylorda region (Nitraria schoberi, Calligonum caput-medusae Schenk.) seeds were collected. Nitraria schoberi and Calligonum caput-medusae analyzed the quality and germination of seeds. Before determining the germination of Nitraria schoberi seeds, they were placed in water with a temperature of 18-20°C for 2 days. During the laboratory examination, the germination of Nitraria schoberi seeds collected on the drained bottom of the Aral Sea was evaluated. Germination was assessed using the standard method in Petri dishes while maintaining an optimal temperature and humidity regime, germination is 40%. Based on the biological and ecological similarity with other species of halophytic semi-shrubs, the seed quality can be conditionally classified as class 1. This confirms the possibility of using the studied seeds in works on phytomelioration and restoration of vegetation in saline and arid (arid) landscapes of the Aral Sea region. The quality of Calligonum caput-medusae seeds was determined by soaking the seeds in water and then cutting the seeds along the embryo. During the laboratory examination, the seed quality was 71%. Taking into account the peculiarities of the ecological and geographical origin of the species and the natural heterogeneity of the seed material, these indicators are considered satisfactory for the purposes of introducing and restoring vegetation in arid ecosystems.

In the arid climate of southern Kazakhstan, the development of pasture-based livestock farming is directly dependent on the availability of reliable water supply. Compared to surface water, groundwater serves as a more sustainable and dependable source, playing a crucial role in meeting the drinking water needs of both livestock and support personnel.

This article presents the results of hydrogeological investigations conducted in the Zhambyl Region, aimed at assessing the condition and potential of groundwater resources in the context of pasture irrigation. The study includes analysis of groundwater quality, mineralization, and discharge in various geological settings such as piedmont plains, sandy massifs, and intermountain depressions. Fieldwork included sampling from operational wells, mapping of water access points, and evaluation of infrastructure wear.

The findings reveal substantial reserves of fresh and slightly saline groundwater suitable for livestock needs. However, the water supply infrastructure has critically degraded—most wells require reconstruction, and the level of mechanization remains low. The article proposes targeted measures for the restoration and modernization of the pasture irrigation system based on current data, including the adoption of innovative technologies and strengthening of inter-agency coordination. The study justifies the urgent need for rehabilitating water intake facilities and applying modern groundwater management approaches to ensure the sustainable development of pasture-based livestock farming.

The use of groundwater in the southern part of the Talas-Assinsky groundwater deposit for domestic and drinking water supply of the city of Taraz, industrial facilities and rural settlements of the Zhambyl and Baizak districts of the Zhambyl region is of great strategic importance due to natural and climatic changes and anthropogenic factors, as well as the problem that arises with the transboundary Talas River. It should be noted that the TAM groundwater deposit (Southern part) is one of the largest deposits in the Zhambyl region. According to the revaluation of the operational reserves of groundwater in the deposit for 2010, reserves in the amount of 502.5 thousand m3/day for a 25-year service life were approved for categories A+B+C1+C2. The actual consumption of the main subsoil users and nearby rural settlements of the Zhambyl and Baizak districts, which are within the field contour, is 42,564.9 thousand m3/year or 116.62 thousand m3/day, which is 37.8% of the operational reserves that were approved for industrial categories A+B. The article used official data from the "Shu-Talas Basin Inspection" on water consumption for 2018-2024 for the main subsoil users that are within the field contour, official data on the population of rural settlements of the Zhambyl region from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, data on water demand per capita in the SNP were taken from SNiP RK 4.01-02-2009 Water supply, external networks and structures. The exploitable reserves of groundwater in industrial categories A+B are 2.65 times greater than the actual consumption of the main subsoil users and nearby rural settlements of the Zhambyl and Baizak districts, which are located within the contour of the deposit.

The Shu-Talas transboundary water basin plays a key role in providing water resources for agricultural production, industry and the population of the border regions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In the context of worsening climate change, more frequent droughts and uneven distribution of water flows, the pressure on water resources is increasing, which requires the introduction of modern management methods. One of the most promising areas is the use of digital technologies, which can improve the accuracy, efficiency and transparency of water monitoring. The article discusses advanced digital tools, including geographic information systems (GIS) and digital water balance modeling. Particular attention is paid to the practices of GIS mapping of runoff distribution, which allows for a visual assessment of spatiotemporal changes in the basin, as well as forecasting models and scenario analysis. The problems of openness and consistency of water data between countries, which limit the potential of digital transformation in cross-border management, are analyzed separately. Proposals for the creation of a unified digital platform and the harmonization of monitoring standards have been presented. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need for comprehensive digitalization of water management as a basis for sustainable water use and effective transboundary cooperation in the Shu and Talas River basins.

In the context of global climate change and water resource scarcity, the need to implement modern monitoring technologies to improve agricultural efficiency is increasing. This article is dedicated to analyzing the potential of Earth remote sensing (ERS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for monitoring the condition of agricultural lands in the Kyzylorda region. The key tool used is the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), which allows for the operational assessment of vegetation condition and agroecosystem productivity. Based on satellite data from recent years' vegetation periods, spatial and temporal changes in the state of agricultural lands were identified, which made it possible to determine areas with sustainable development and problematic zones requiring additional attention. The paper presents thematic maps of NDVI distribution, analyzes factors affecting the decrease in vegetation activity, including weather conditions, irrigation levels, and soil degradation. The results confirm the high informational value and practical significance of using NDVI in agro-monitoring, and highlight the need for integrating remote sensing methods into the regional agricultural management system. The proposed approach can be useful for government bodies, farming enterprises, and research institutions in making decisions on adapting agriculture to modern climate challenges.

The article is devoted to the study of hydrogeochemical conditions for the formation of lithium-bearing brines within the Shu-Sarysu depression, one of the promising regions of Kazakhstan for the extraction of lithium from groundwater. Based on the analysis of the chemical composition of brines, mineralization, ionic ratios and hydrogeological structure of the territory, the main factors influencing the accumulation of lithium were identified. Hydrogeochemical zones and subzones of brine distribution with mineralization from 140 to 272 g/L have been identified. The chemical composition of the brines is mainly calcium-sodium chloride type III-b, less often magnesium-sodium chloride and sodium III-a type. The role of tectonic, climatic and lithofacies conditions in the formation of geochemical barriers and the concentration of lithium in groundwater has been established. A comparative analysis of the composition of brines of different horizons was carried out, and an assessment of the degree of their evolution and mineralization was given. Of the microcomponents, brines contain strontium from 680.5 to 1648.2 mg/L; lithium from 24.46 to 55.11 mg/L; rubidium from 4.3 to 8.4 mg/L; cesium from 0.31 to 0.41 mg/L. The obtained results allow us to clarify the mechanisms of lithogenesis and substantiate promising areas for further exploration and rational development of the region's lithium-bearing resources.

The article presents the results of studies of the chemical composition of saline soils of irrigated arable land, which were previously part of hayfields and pastures in the foothill plain of the Almaty region. Here, on the territory of farms, violations of irrigation technology and cultivation of agricultural crops provoked the rise of saline solution in the root zone of plants, thus causing secondary salinization of soils. Studies have shown that northern light meadow sierozem soils transformed into solonchaks-solonetzes were distinguished by a chloride-sulfate type of salinization and solonetzization of the entire profile by absorbed sodium. The salt content in the middle part of the profile exceeded ≥1.5%. The concentration of the dominant sulfate ion in the upper horizon was 13.75 mg-eq, and with depth it increased to 19.50 mg-eq. The soil is not saline with soda, as evidenced by the absence and low content of carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The composition of absorbed bases is dominated by exchangeable sodium, which occupies from 34.0 to 40.5% of the share of the cation exchange capacity. The data obtained are valuable in that they show the state of anthropogenically degraded saline lands of temporary irrigated lands, which require further comprehensive study based on ground and space methods and approaches.

Ungulates are one of the most important elements of natural ecosystems. Stocks of various game animals constitute a significant part of the country's natural resources. Therefore, it is important to ensure the protection of wild animals. The main objective of the study is to carry out works on control and accounting of the distribution of ungulates on the territory of the state national natural park “Buiratau” in the winter period. Field studies on the territory of the state national natural park “Buiratau” were conducted in the winter periods of 2023-2024. The current state and distribution of wild animals, as well as the dynamics of their numbers were studied. Methods of winter route counting, installation of photo traps, questionnaires and visual survey were used for the research.

On the territory of the state national natural park “Buiratau” the control of the number of ungulates was carried out in winter period. According to the data of the winter route census in 2024, the number of park ungulates amounted to 1532 individuals. The main habitat of animals in the park is forests represented by birch and aspen trees. The activity of animals was recorded in forest areas, as well as near feeding sites, which was confirmed by the data obtained using camera traps. In the course of field studies it was possible to reveal the dynamics of population size and biological characteristics of ungulates. The sex and age structure of the population was recorded and their total number was determined.

The article discusses one of the promising methods of wastewater treatment from poultry farms - chemical flotation using reagents. The features of the industry wastewater are described, the effectiveness of various coagulants and flocculants is analyzed. The results of experimental studies on the selection of optimal conditions for the flotation process are presented. Based on the experimental data, the high efficiency of the method for the removal of the main polluting components is shown. The article also presents a calculation of the economic efficiency of the reuse of treated water, which confirms the feasibility of implementing this technology in poultry farming enterprises

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a plant species belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, characterized as a relict species with high adaptability, and is widely distributed across the territory of Kazakhstan. It predominantly occurs in foothills, river valleys, rocky slopes, and in the vicinity of rivers and lakes. In this study, the content of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b pigments in the leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides growing in various mountainous areas within the territory of a state national nature park was determined, and their variations depending on the sexual differentiation of the plants were examined. Differences in pigment content between male and female individuals of the species were revealed, and the level of variation among individual specimens was analyzed. It was established that the leaves of male individuals contained higher and more stable levels of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, whereas in female individuals, these indicators were slightly lower and more variable. The similar levels of pigment content recorded across different sites confirm the high adaptability of sea buckthorn to the conditions of mountain ecosystems. The maintenance of balanced levels of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b indicates the coordinated functioning of the plant's photosynthetic apparatus and the efficiency of light absorption and its conversion into energy. The results obtained provide important data for assessing the physiological state of sea buckthorn depending on its sexual characteristics and contribute to understanding the mechanisms of adaptation of the species to high-altitude ecosystem conditions.

The article examines and substantiates the practical use of innovative technologies (unmanned aerial vehicles – UAVs) for the purposes of land resources monitoring and mapping. It presents current and prospective concepts of data sources for agricultural mapping and provides examples of the selection of initial materials and cartographic documents for the creation of maps with various purposes, including the preparation of a unified electronic cartographic base, remote sensing data, and UAV-derived data.

As a result of the conducted scientific work, the following have been studied and improved:

– the experience and methodology of mapping agricultural complexes in the Republic and abroad;

– the methods and technology of geoinformation mapping of agricultural objects using UAV data.

A technological scheme for monitoring and digital mapping of cooperative and household plots has been developed, along with a methodology for constructing a three-dimensional model of these areas based on remote sensing data. The proposed methodology for creating geoinformation maps of lands of farming and cooperative enterprises can be used for agricultural planning and land management in territories with similar conditions in other republics. Furthermore, the results of this research can be applied in research activities of scientific organizations, in master's and doctoral dissertations, and in the university educational process.

This article examines the dynamics of vegetation cover in the Almaty Region using geoinformation technologies and Earth remote sensing data. The focus is placed on the application of the NDVI index derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to assess the state and changes of vegetation in 2015, 2020, and 2023. The methodological framework included data preprocessing, calculation of the vegetation index, classification of territories by productivity levels, and cartographic visualization of results in QGIS and ArcGIS environments. The analysis revealed a reduction in areas with high NDVI values alongside an increase in territories with low index values, indicating degradation processes in the region’s agricultural lands. The results allow for a more detailed assessment of spatial patterns of vegetation dynamics, identification of ecological risk zones, and determination of areas with restoration potential. The study confirms the importance of NDVI and GIS technologies for organizing monitoring and supporting decision-making in the field of sustainable land management.

Under the conditions of increasing pressure on agricultural lands and declining soil fertility, the rational use of arable-suitable lands becomes a priority direction of agrarian policy. The aim of this study is to develop a geoinformation model for assessing land suitability for arable use within the Yesil district of Akmola region. The input data included Landsat-8 satellite imagery, a digital elevation model (SRTM), climatic parameters (CRU), and soil characteristics from the HWSD database. The methodology comprised the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), agroecological zoning, and land classification based on the FAO framework. The results revealed that 82% of the district’s territory belongs to the moderately suitable category (S2), 15% to the marginally suitable category (S3), and 3% to the unsuitable category (N). No highly suitable lands (S1) were identified. The integrated suitability map illustrates the spatial distribution of agro-economically promising areas. The practical significance of the research lies in providing a scientifically grounded basis for decision-making in the field of rational land use, subsidy allocation, and assessment of the profitability of developing unused lands. The developed GIS-based model can serve as a decision-support tool for agricultural production planning, implementation of land reclamation measures, and may also be adapted for use in other agricultural regions of Kazakhstan.

In the context of climate change and the extreme weather events, flood risk assessment is becoming critically important worldwide. Floods annually result in human casualties, infrastructure damage, and significant economic losses, especially in mountainous and coastal regions. In Kazakhstan, along with droughts, floods remain among the most hazardous natural phenomena, particularly in the eastern regions where spring snowmelt and intense precipitation significantly contribute to flood formation. The Ulba River, flowing through the mountainous areas of Eastern Kazakhstan, is characterized by complex topography and high catchment activity, making its basin especially vulnerable to sudden floods. This underscores the need for modern geoinformation methods for spatial analysis and modeling of potential flood risk zones.
For the first time at the regional level, comprehensive geoinformation-based flood risk modeling was conducted for the Ulba River basin using remote sensing data, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), and Weighted Overlay Analysis within the ArcGIS environment. The novelty of this study lies in the adaptation and testing of an integrated risk assessment model that accounts for local geomorphological and climatic conditions, previously not analyzed at such detailed spatial resolution. Input factors included a digital elevation model (DEM), slope, spatial distribution of precipitation (TerraClimate), land use/land cover (LULC), and Euclidean distance from watercourses. Each criterion was classified into five risk categories and assigned scaled values depending on its contribution to flood probability: low elevations, gentle slopes, high moisture levels, and proximity to rivers received the highest scores. All layers were normalized and combined using the weighted overlay method. The result is the first detailed spatial flood risk map of the Ulba River basin, allowing the identification of highly vulnerable areas within the watershed.
The proposed methodology can serve as a representative model for mountainous regions of Central Asia, demonstrating both scientific value and practical applicability in data-scarce environments.

This article presents the results of a study on the hydrochemical and hydrological conditions of the Tasotkel Reservoir and lakes Aksu and Aksha, located in the Shu District of Zhambyl Region. These water bodies are important for preserving regional water resources, supporting agricultural needs, and maintaining ecological stability.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the hydrochemical parameters of the three studied reservoirs of the Shuisky district of the Zhambyl region and an assessment of their hydrological condition and habitat for aquatic organisms.

Field studies and sample collection were carried out in April 2024, taking into account geographical and seasonal factors. During fieldwork, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured. Laboratory analyses focused on biogenic elements, organoleptic properties, and mineralization levels. Variations in water color, transparency, and concentrations of certain ions and biogenic elements were identified depending on the water bodies’ feeding characteristics and geographical locations.

The results showed that the water is fresh with a low level of mineralization. The main water quality indicators meet the standards for fisheries. The obtained data can serve as a basis for continuous monitoring and effective water resource management.

On the basis of materialistic theory of scientific knowledge, including modeling, analysis, synthesis and evaluation, the theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the irrigation-resource potential of the territory of the river basin catchment area are scientifically substantiated in the work. The purpose of the study is to determine the place of irrigation-resource potential in the system of natural-resource potential of the territory by analyzing its essence and developing a methodological approach to its comprehensive assessment. Based on the analysis of the approach developed by I.V. Orlova, within the framework of which the irrigation-resource potential is presented through interrelated components: water-irrigation, land-irrigation, technical-irrigation, economic-irrigation and assimilation potential, the processes occurring within natural systems, as well as geo-ecological limitations are taken into account. For modeling and quantitative assessment we used Harrington's desirability function, which allows modeling using factors of different dimensionality and range of values of varying variables. The lack of unified algorithms for analysis and forecasting necessitates the creation of new mathematical models. The proposed methodological approach provides a more accurate assessment of irrigation and resource potential, which is especially relevant in the context of sustainable environmental management and improving the efficiency of watershed management.

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern methodological approaches to assessing anthropogenic pressure on watercourses, with a focus on the vulnerability of small river ecosystems to various forms of technogenic impact. Indicator, index, balance–mass, bioindication, geoinformation, and modeling approaches applied in the practice of hydroecological monitoring are considered. Their advantages, limitations, and possibilities for adaptation to regional conditions are described. Special attention is given to the integration of data of different nature (physico-chemical, biological, spatial) within the framework of comprehensive assessments. The expediency of applying combined methods for assessing the state of small rivers in the Almaty region under conditions of climatic variability and increasing anthropogenic pressure is substantiated.

It is additionally shown that the use of a systemic approach makes it possible to identify not only the current state of water bodies but also the trends of their changes under the influence of economic activities. Such analysis provides a scientific basis for predicting potential risks of ecosystem degradation and for developing preventive measures. A comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic impact on small rivers is an important tool for improving ecological monitoring, developing environmental protection measures, and justifying strategies for rational water use. The obtained conclusions can serve as a basis for the formation of sustainable strategies for water use and the protection of small watercourses, as well as for the development of regional and national adaptation programs under conditions of climate change.

This article examines the sources of irrigation and the current condition of irrigation systems in the Chilik – Chemolgan interfluve area of the Almaty Region. Particular attention is given to the hydrographic and water management characteristics of the region, including the role of the Bartogai Reservoir and the Big Almaty Canal (BAC) in the redistribution of water resources. The paper analyzes the irrigated land areas, the state of engineering infrastructure, irrigation methods used, and the efficiency coefficients (EC) of irrigation systems. It also outlines the specifics of water allocation among administrative districts, taking into account the long-term runoff of nine major mountain rivers that form the region's water resources. The study highlights the importance of an integrated approach to water resource management for sustainable agricultural development.

This study presents the hydrographic and hydrological characteristics of the Shelek River, one of the largest watercourses in the southeastern part of the Zailiysky Alatau. Based on long-term observations, an analysis of the river's water capacity was conducted, including the reconstruction of missing data using correlation methods and subsequent verification of their representativeness. It was determined that the mean multi-year water discharge is 41.8 m³/s, with an observational error ranging from 2% to 8%. Signs of non-stationarity in runoff were identified, expressed in significant interannual fluctuations, including extremely low discharge values in certain years. Despite these deviations, the use of the stationarity concept remains justified for water management planning. The results of the study can be used for further modeling of water resources, assessment of irrigation potential, and the development of adaptive strategies under climate change conditions.

The ecological situation in Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex, despite some positive changes, remains unfavorable. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to soil fertility and the ongoing decline in the area of the most valuable agricultural lands due to the lack of reclamation measures. This article is devoted to analyzing the current condition of agricultural lands in the Almaty region under the influence of technogenic factors, which have been intensifying in recent years due to growing industrial and transport activities. The purpose of this study is to identify the extent and nature of land quality changes, assess the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the region’s agroecosystems, and propose measures to mitigate negative consequences. The methods used include monographic analysis and statistical data processing. The results indicate increasing problems of salinization, contamination with heavy metals, and declining biological activity of soils. Zones adjacent to industrial clusters and major transport corridors are particularly prone to degradation. The conclusion outlines the need to adjust land policy, introduce sustainable land-use technologies, and strengthen interagency environmental control to ensure the region’s food security.

The majority of peasant farms engaged in animal husbandry (71–82%) contain between 50 and 100 heads of cattle and up to 500 sheep. To improve feeding efficiency in small farms, a mobile mini-feed plant equipped with a dispenser-mixer with a hopper volume of 3.0 m³, roughage and grain feed grinders is proposed. The novelty of this research lies in the development of a mobile unit that integrates feed preparation and distribution, eliminating the need for separate grinding and mixing equipment. Compared to existing feed dispensers-mixers, the use of the mini-feed plant eliminates hay transportation and loading operations, reducing the total number of operations by 40%, lowering operating costs by 1.5 times, and decreasing capital investments by 3 times. Additionally, there is no need for farms to have stationary feed grinders and compound feed units, making the technology more universal. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the design, economic benefits, and technological advancements associated with the mini-feed plant, highlighting its potential application in small-scale livestock operations.

Traditional agricultural implements—such as disk harrows and horizontal-axis cultivators—fail to completely eliminate weeds, often become clogged with plant residues, and damage plant root systems, contributing to water and wind erosion in summer and root freezing in winter.

In recent years, increasing attention has been given to machines with vertically rotating shafts for soil cultivation, which are less prone to the aforementioned drawbacks.

The objective of this work is to develop a vertical-rotor cutter capable of operating in the near-trunk zone of fruit trees while "bypassing" the tree trunk with its working body, thereby preventing potential damage to both the tool and the plant.

A significant challenge faced by entrepreneurs and farmers involved in fruit production is the lack of modern machines for mechanical cultivation of the inter-row and near-trunk zones. The absence of domestically produced technical equipment for tilling the near-trunk zone of fruit crops highlights the relevance and novelty of the research.

An original structural and technological scheme of a vertical-rotor cutter is proposed. The expected technical result is an increased degree of soil crumbling after near-trunk zone cultivation.

The paper presents the theoretical justification of the operating parameters of the cutter for soil cultivation in the near-trunk zone. As a result of the research, analytical dependencies were obtained that make it possible to determine the influence of key design parameters and operating modes on the quality of the technological process.

Based on theoretical studies of optimal design and operating parameters, as well as the results of experimental research, a prototype of the vertical-rotor cutter for near-trunk soil cultivation of fruit trees will be manufactured at the SPCAE production facilities.

The article presents the schematic design of an acoustic stimulation device and the principle of its operation for ensuring synchrony and increasing the hatching rate of ducklings and goslings. The development of the device was based on data regarding the behavioral sensitivity of embryos to acoustic stimuli during the final day of incubation. The device is built on the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B platform and includes a power amplifier, wide-frequency-range speakers, as well as software that enables intermittent playback of both natural and artificial sounds. Experiments were conducted on incubated duck and goose eggs. The parameters assessed included the timing of pipping, hatching time, and the activity of ducklings and goslings during the first hours post-hatching. The results obtained demonstrated that the use of acoustic stimulation increased the hatching rate of young birds by 7–12% compared to the control group, and the ducklings and goslings themselves exhibited greater uniformity in body mass and mobility. The acoustic stimulation device is characterized by low cost, ease of replication, and the possibility of software modification of the stimuli. The developed device can be integrated into existing incubators or used for research purposes.