No. 1 (101) (2024): Research, results

Bee honey is a valuable, multicomponent unique product produced by bees from the nectar of honey plants. In the human diet, honey is an alternative to sugar and sugar-containing foods as a healthier food product.

          Within the framework of this article, a marketing study and analysis of preferences among consumers of honey and other bee products among residents of Kostanay and the region were conducted.

Today, about 50% of honey is produced in China, Argentina, the USA, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Honey exporting countries are characterized by flexible economic and organizational interaction. The main role is played by the mechanisms of legal protection and the developed infrastructure of the industry, which ensures full-fledged work, sales of products, and the receipt of foreign exchange earnings to the country's budget.

The materials of this article contain an analysis of the types of bee products consumed, quality criteria when choosing honey, other bee products, as well as factors determining the choice of consumers. Also, the priorities of the origin of honey (apiaries) have been determined among consumers.

The study grouped the key characteristics of honey consumers in the areas of Kostanay region that affect their behavior, desires and preferences. By quantitative analysis of the results of the survey of the target audience, an average portrait of buyers of honey and other bee products has been compiled, which can be used by entrepreneurs at all stages of planning and promoting their products.

A literary review of the state of knowledge of this issue was conducted, citing articles from domestic and foreign sources.

The results obtained can be used by domestic producers in the development and optimization of a strategy for promoting bee products.

The effectiveness of the use of the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" in the cultivation of broiler chickens during the transitional period of the year has been studied. At the daily age, 4 groups (one control group and three experimental groups) were formed by the method of analogues. Birds of all groups up to 42 days of age were kept in the same room (identical sections) on a deep litter. In control group 1, the drug was not used, and in experimental groups 2, 3 and 4, the dosage of the drug soldered with drinking water was 200, 300 and 400 ml per 1 ton of water, respectively. The results of the study showed that the safety of livestock in groups 1(k), 2, 3 and 4 was 90.0; 93.3; 96.7; 96.7%, the live weight of poultry at 42 days of age was 2.49; 2.60; 2.65 and 2.57 kg, the average daily increase in live weight was 58.3; 60.8; 62.0 and 60.0 g, feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain – 1.85; 1.74; 1.69 and 1.57 kg, slaughter yield of gutted carcass – 72.2; 74.9; 76.3 and 74.0%, the profitability of production is 17.0; 26.3; 31.3 and 30.8%, respectively. It is recommended that broiler chickens, in order to increase viability and productivity, reduce feed costs per unit of production and cost of meat, and increase profitability of production, drink the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" with water in a dosage of 300 ml per 1 ton of water from daily to the end of the growing period. In research, to quickly determine the winning group, it is advisable to use the Russian meat production efficiency index to place the European productivity index.

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the history of studying the water supply of irrigated systems of the rice plant - the main agricultural crop of the Syr region. The roots of rice culture lie in the path of moist air masses from the Indian Ocean on the southeastern slopes of the Himalayan mountain ranges located in the central part of the Asian continent, i.e. plants of the monsoon climate. When growing rice in arid climates, irrigation technology is used with constant retention in the water layer. Rice farming in the country is widespread in the oases of the desert-semi-desert zone of the southern part of the republic, i.e. in the valleys of meadow rivers, in a specific period of the Trans-Ili Karatal, along the middle and lower reaches Syr Darya. On the territory of the Kyzylorda region, the characteristics of five stages specified in the scientific literature are given, from the first appearance of rice crops to the modern period. In the process of rice cultivation, the types of threshing in water are classified. During the examination of the level of rice engineering irrigation systems of the Kyzylorda region, the following main reasons for the deterioration of ecological and reclamation conditions in irrigation massifs were identified: insufficient technical level of reclamation systems; inconsistency of actual and design structures of crops on irrigated lands; low labor culture in agricultural production and operation of systems; moral and physical obsolescence of reclamation systems and its objects

The resistance of soybean varieties to various abiotic stresses and other pests is usually studied in seeds. When growing seeds, various phenomena occur. For example, drought resistance, degree of osmotic pressure, seed germination in various osmotic solutions, salt tolerance - brine fund, etc. In our research work, methods were used to determine the resistance of soybean seeds in laboratory conditions to possible drought. In the course of determining the drought resistance of soybean varieties, a relationship (correlation-regression) was identified between the control of seed germination in a sucrose solution and drought resistance. Further research work continued by monitoring the growing season in the field. The drought resistance of the reaction of seed germination in a sucrose solution at osmotic pressures of 12, 14 and 16 atm, in control distilled aqueous media, allowed us to divide into drought-resistant groups. For the study, the soybean varieties Zhansaya (st), Birlik, Ivushka, Almaty, Zhalpaksai, Eastern Beauty, Joy, Rose, Vita, Danaya were obtained. The listed varieties were divided into three groups according to the levels of mutual drought resistance: high, average and below average. As a result of the study at the end of the test of drought resistance of soybean varieties at osmotic pressures of 12, 14 and 16 atm. sucrose solution varieties Zhalpaksai, Vita and Almaty are high, varieties Danaya are medium high, unit, Ivushka, Joy, Rose, Eastern Beauty are medium hardy.

Rice is one of the world's staple and most important grain crops and is the primary source of food for millions of people. Every year the population grows, and therefore the demand for food increases. Recently, more attention has been paid to colored rice, since its nutritional value and health benefits are higher than that of white milled rice. The compounds responsible for these color variations are flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, which are known to have nutritional value. The article presents data on important economically valuable yield characteristics of rice varieties with colored pericarp adapted in the Akdala rice growing area of the Balkhash district of the Almaty region. Bushiness, plant height, the number of spikelets in a panicle, and the weight of 1000 grains, which are quantitative indicators of yield, were studied. 16 hybrids were used for the study, including 5 red grain and 11 black grain, 1 dihaploid and the Almavita variety. The main characteristics were assessed in points from 1 to 9 according to the guidelines developed at VIR. As a result of the study, promising rice lines with colored pericarp were selected based on the main economically valuable trait.

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of fertilizers on biometric indicators and potato yields. In field experiments with foreign potato varieties and the local standard variety Tien Shan, it was found that applying fertilizers to the soil for potatoes helps to increase the height of the plant, the number of stems and leaves, as well as the number of tubers per bush.

The highest indicators of the habitus of potato plants were noted in the experimental variants with the application of high rates of mineral fertilizers (N₂₂₅P₁₃₅K₁₈₀) and the combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers (N₁₉₀P₁₁₀K₁₅₀ + manure, 40 t/ha). Thus, the height of the plant in these variants was 67-82 cm, the number of stems was 5.3-6.1 pieces, the number of leaves was 116-145 pieces, the number of tubers was 11.6-14.7 pieces per bush.

The formation of a powerfully developed biomass of potato plants contributed to obtaining higher yields of tubers compared to the control (without fertilizers). On average, over 2 years of research, the yield of potato tubers in the variants with fertilizer application was 26.0-38.4 t/ha, which is 39.46-66.53% higher than the control.

Among the potato varieties in terms of productivity, the varieties Aladin and Innovator were the most responsive to fertilizers. The yield of these varieties in the variants with fertilizer application was 33.5-40.8 t/ha and 31.8-38.4 t/ha, respectively, which is higher than the control by 54.69-66.53% and 37.07-65 .52%.

Thus, research results indicate that applying fertilizers to the soil for potatoes is an effective way to increase its productivity. In this case, the most effective are high rates of mineral fertilizers (N₂₂₅P₁₃₅K₁₈₀) and the combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers (N₁₉₀P₁₁₀K₁₅₀ + manure, 40 t/ha).

Ensuring food security is focused on high yields, resistance to pathogens and abiotic stresses in wheat. Breeding for disease resistance is an important focus of plant breeding programs because any successful variety must be capable of high yield, disease resistance, and other economically valuable end-use characteristics. In the southeast of Kazakhstan, among the diseases of winter wheat, one of the most harmful pathogens is yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). Most cultivated wheat varieties are susceptible to the pathogen, so constant monitoring, study and creation of new initial forms of breeding for resistance to this dangerous disease are an urgent need. Cultivation of resistant varieties is the most effective and environmentally friendly way to reduce crop losses.

In order to search for sources of resistance of winter wheat, in conditions of an artificially infectious background, we carried out selection and immunological studies on the experimental basis of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (N43.238193° E76.696753°). This article presents the results of phenotypic selection of resistant forms in hybrid populations obtained by intraspecific crosses of winter wheat, their immunological characteristics to P. striiformis. The combination of productivity with resistance is a determining factor for the successful creation of new breeding lines and accelerated breeding of varieties. Such winter lines can become the ancestors of new varieties and donors of resistance to the pathogen for grain-growing regions.

The article considers the issues of the use of domestic liquid bioorganic fertilizer "BioEcoGum" in the cultivation of corn in the conditions of south-east Kazakhstan. Bioorganic fertilizer contains easily digestible macro and microelements necessary for plants. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar top dressing on the growth, development and yield of corn for grain. The field experiment was conducted on light chestnut soils according to the generally accepted method. To study the dynamics of the nutritional regime, the content of organic matter (humus), gross and mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil was determined. Foliar half-feeding of corn was carried out in phases 3-4 and 7-8 leaves. According to the phases of vegetation, phenological observations and accounting of grain yield were carried out. According to research results, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a solution of liquid bioorganic fertilizer "BioEcoGum" increased the germination of corn by 10-30%. Double foliar top dressing of corn plants in the initial growing season enhances plant growth and development, increases grain yield from 14 to 80%, and increases root biomass by 50%. According to the results of the conducted production tests, BioEcoGum liquid bioorganic fertilizer is recommended for widespread implementation in the southern regions of Kazakhstan in the cultivation of corn for grain.

A qualitative indicator of the yield of agricultural plants is directly related to a complex of generalizing indicative factors. In addition to natural and climatic conditions, which have a far-reaching impact on the value of yield, one can name agricultural work, cultivation conditions and agricultural technology, the most important indicator of which is the conditions of irrigation of agricultural crops. As a result of the research, a direct connection was revealed between the productivity of soybean varieties and natural-climatic and various irrigation conditions over the years of determination. Our research was carried out in field and laboratory conditions. The general productive and structural elements of soybean varieties under conditions of traditional and drip irrigation were compared. The following study was carried out in laboratory conditions using the state varietal methodology for researching agricultural crops, yield structure and biometric calculations of soybean plants. In research work, the varieties Ivushka (st), Rusiya, Bayan, Alua, Almaty, Iskra, Misula, Zara, Zhalpaksai, and Rosa were obtained. 

Industrial cultivation of nut crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan is promoted by favourable soil and climate conditions, especially in the southern region, which makes it possible to obtain high yields of this valuable plant in the future. Significant damage to the yield of nut crops is caused by diseases, protection of plantations from which is one of the main measures aimed at increasing their productivity. The most important issue in cultivation of nut crops is its protection from bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Kazakhstan purposeful researches on studying species diversity of diseases and pests of nut crops have not been carried out. The novelty of the conducted research is in the fact that for the first time in Kazakhstan fungal and bacterial diseases of walnut in the conditions of the southern zone of fruit growing on the basis of microbiological and molecular-genetic methods were identified.

The results of research showed that the majority of isolated pathogens are fungi, as well as several species of bacteria causing diseases of walnut. In total, 4 genera of fungi were isolated: Alternaria, Fusarium as causative agents of fungal diseases; Aspergillus, Penicillium as secondary infestation; also 2 genera of bacteria: Pantoea, Pseudomonas as causative agents of bacterial diseases. Molecular identification of fungal and bacterial pathogens by PCR based on genomic DNA showed that the studied walnut samples were identified as phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, as well as phytopathogenic bacteria: Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas oryzahabitans. The conducted research results will allow to make up a system of protection of walnut from harmful diseases in order to increase the productivity of plantations.

The article describes the patterns of distribution of saline and swampy soils across the soil and climatic zones of Kazakhstan, describes the features of salt accumulation processes depending on geological development and identifies soil-halogeochemical provinces. Reclamation measures for their development are recommended. The most effective method of reclamation of hydromorphic meadow solonchaks of the chloride-sulfate type of salinization is leaching against the background of open deep horizontal drainage. Leaching of meadow solonchaks of the foothill plain of the Ili Alatau with a water norm of 5000 m³/ha provides desalination of the soil and soil thickness with a capacity of 0-80 cm. During soda salinization of solonetzic meadow-chestnut soils, the application of 2.1 and 4.2 t/ha of 1% sulfuric acid solution ensures the transformation of the ionic composition of the pore solution from soda to sulfate, which is subsequently removed by leaching. On swampy (waterlogged) soils, the most rational is the creation of highly productive meadow agrocenoses and the preservation of meadow biocenoses.

The article presents data on the results of a study on the geographical and ecological features of the development of the hawthorn leaf beetle Cacoecia crataegana Hb. on the territory of the Ile-Alatau State National Park. The main purpose of the study is to clarify the factors influencing the development of this pest, to determine the phenological and ecological features, to identify the most vulnerable stage of the hawthorn leaflet Cacoecia crataegana Hb. for the application of timely measures to combat this pest of the Sievers apple tree. During the study, the exact dates and abiotic factors that affect the development of the hawthorn leafroller were established. The results of the study of the activity of the hawthorn leafroller are summarized, and a phenological calendar of the development of this pest has also been compiled. In the conditions of the foothill zone of the Almaty region on the territory of the Ile-Alatau State National Park, the pest developed in 2018-2019 in one generation. The duration of the particularly dangerous period of the pest, depending on weather conditions, ranges from 35 to 40 days. In order to control this pest, accurate knowledge of phenological and environmental data is very important. After the establishment of modern phenological data, mechanical, biological or chemical control measures can be used.

This article presents the results of laboratory studies on the removal of phosphates in sewage treatment plants by adding sediments formed at drinking water treatment plants in the city of Astana of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of experimental laboratory studies of adding to wastewater taken before the sand trap and after biological treatment, sediments from the sludge maps of the pumping and filtering station for wastewater treatment from phosphates are presented. According to laboratory experimental data obtained in the course of research, the phosphate treatment effect is in the range of 94.5% when 50 milliliters of sediment is added to 1 liter of waste water.

The research was carried out in agricultural ecosystems on gray-earth irrigated soils of the Bayzak district of the Zhambyl region. Two directions have been established to obtain complete results of soil characteristics. The research of the first direction is designed to determine the water-physical properties of saline and saline lands, the dynamics of soil moisture at various indicators of soil density. In the second direction, methods for improving saline lands are considered, in particular, irrigation technologies along furrows and strips, resource-saving technologies for washing salts in soils against the background of deep loosening.At the same time, the effectiveness of the applied reclamation measures was assessed in an environmental context.

It is recommended to conduct research on irrigation methods and flushing technology for at least three years and grow salt-resistant crops in the fields where flushing was carried out, with flushing regulation in combination with irrigation. The necessity of using a chemical meliorant on saline soils has been revealed. In addition, where the groundwater level is close to the surface, it is recommended to carry out flushing in fields with closed collector and drainage networks. If this is not possible, then it is possible to rinse through open drains. Recommended washing standards and irrigation methods in combination with deep loosening displace salts from the calculated layer of cultivated soils, improving soil ecology (α) and increasing the yield of cultivated crops. Where α is an indicator estimating the level of salt leaching in the soil.

Mineral fertilizers play the most important role in the growth of gross yields and productivity of rice. The responsiveness of rice to the presence of nutrients is explained by its potential biological ability to form a high yield, as well as the intensity of those processes that occur in flooded soil. The experience of the best masters of rice cultivation and advanced farms shows the ability of rice to create high yields.

At present, in many rice-growing countries of the world, the total amount of fertilizers used for rice is increasing. From the application of full mineral fertilizer, the yield is from 50 to 70% compared to unfertilized plots. At the same time, a high payback yield is observed.

It can be noted that there is a direct dependence of the yield on the total amount of fertilizers applied. In those countries where NPK is used at the rate of 100 kg/ha or more, the yield of rice does not fall below 35 centners/ha. One of the reserves for increasing the yield of rice is to increase the efficiency of applying mineral fertilizers. In 2016, field experiments were carried out on 42 hectares on the norms and terms of applying mineral fertilizers N₁₂₀Р₉₀К₆₀; N₁₅₀P₉₀K₆₀; N₁₈₀P₉₀K₆₀.Rice was grown with three doses of fertilizer. Growing technology generally accepted for the zone.

According to the results of research in 2016, the optimal dose of fertilizer for rice after sweet clover is N150P90K60. Increasing the dose of nitrogen to 180 kg does not provide a significant increase in yield (49.2-47.5 = 1.7 c/ha), also at this dose of nitrogen, the growing season of rice increases and leads to the appearance of empty grains in panicles.

The indicators and criteria for assessing the technical condition of irrigation systems and their elements are considered, their normative values are given. The main criteria for evaluating the hydraulic efficiency and operational reliability of irrigation systems, canals and structures are proposed. As an example, the results of a study of irrigation channels of the Kurtin irrigation massif tied to the Kurtin reservoir and an assessment of its technical condition are given.

       The efficiency of irrigation system channels is one of the main indicators of the system and its links and plays an important role in water distribution management.

       Reducing irrigation water losses to a minimum, ensuring compliance of water intake volumes and its transportation is a very important task.

       Water losses from the entire water intake from the irrigation source for the purpose of irrigation of agricultural crops in the technological cycle "transportation - distribution– irrigation" consist of losses: a) on main water pipelines (channels, pipelines) with distributors; b) on irrigated lands.

       Total water losses in water management and irrigation channels consist of losses: filtration-40%, evaporation-3%, leakage through structures and discharges-17%.

       The analysis of information and analytical materials for the Republic of Kazakhstan showed that unproductive losses on open irrigation systems reach 50-65% of the amount of water intake from the water source, including losses on filtration from channels from 45% to 55%, losses on evaporation from 5% to 10%.

One of the complex and urgent geoecological problems requiring timely solution is the accumulation of industrial and household waste in the aquatic environment, that is, wastewater from cities and industrial facilities requiring safe disposal. This problem is closely related to hydroecological rationing, on the basis of which the parameters of the state, the intervals of their natural fluctuations are determined, the identification of threshold and critical values of parameters that ensure the preservation of the portrait of natural systems.

Analysis of wastewater discharged by cities and industrial enterprises of the republic shows that most of them are quite suitable for irrigation of agricultural crops in terms of the content of polluting ingredients.

The practice of farms has shown that the design of irrigation systems using wastewater is a very profitable and promising direction, both in environmental and economic terms. Wastewater is rich in substances useful for plants. Experts have estimated that 60% of all wastewater in our cities is equivalent to 200 million tons of manure in its fertilizing properties. Annually, Kazakhstan discharges normatively clean and biologically treated wastewater only in cities up to 1.5 billion m³/year, which at an irrigation rate of 5000 m³/ha can water 30,000 hectares of land.

In the article, the state of wastewater disposal systems is considered as a factor of environmental safety and sustainability of the natural complex. Solving the problem of preventing the negative impact of wastewater disposal systems on the environment and eliminating a number of environmental problems is directly related to the need to retechnologize most sewage treatment plants built in the middle or second third of the last century.

This article presents the results of work on the possibility and importance of using land remote sensing data to assess lands subject to degradation. Trends in the state of lands in recent years have been analyzed, which has made it possible to conduct a full assessment of the dynamics and scale of lands subject to degradation. An assessment of the condition of the lands of the East Kazakhstan region was carried out. The choice of which was due to the fact that most of the land belongs to agricultural and forestry lands. The work was carried out using geoinformation technologies and remote sensing data. This technique made it possible to significantly reduce the research time, as well as to conduct research in an area located at a considerable distance. To carry out the work, open access satellite images of Landsat 8-9 were used during the growing season. The analysis made it possible, using the NDVI index, to identify lands that have undergone degradation, as well as to assess the degree of susceptibility. In total, from 2014 to 2023, the condition of the lands of Eastern Kazakhstan worsened from 1974929.3 hectares to 2487511.4 hectares. The study showed the importance of using earth remote sensing data and GIS technologies, and also provides the basis for subsequent research. Recommendations were made on how to solve the problem and suggestions for improving land management in the region, including opportunities for restoration and sustainable use of land.

Seeds are more resistant to stress than adult plants. Therefore, plants often ensure the preservation of their seeds in the soil. In particular, resistant soil seed stocks can not only effectively extend the shelf life of seeds and maintain their germination, but can also extend the germination life of seeds, thereby reducing the risks that seeds face during germination and promoting population renewal and recovery. However, Tamarix ramosissima and Salix purpurea seeds have a short germination period, can germinate quickly in a wide range of temperatures, and have an "opportunistic" germination strategy, so a stable soil cannot create a seed fund. On the other hand, the Tamarix ramosissima plant can produce highly germinating seeds during the reproductive season, both in spring and summer, and seeds obtained from summer flowers in August-September remain more than 80% viable in early winter (November, 2 months after ripening). Studies have shown that temperatures below freezing are optimal for long-term dry storage of seeds of many trees and shrubs, which maintains good seed germination. Next spring, when the air temperature rises and the snow melts, the germination of viable seeds of summer flowers is guaranteed and successfully takes root in early spring. Tamarix ramosissima and Salix purpurea's reproductive strategies associated with continuous flowering and fruiting allow it to create a "live Seed Bank", and its rapid germination tactics ensure seed germination for seedlings under favorable conditions that allow reproductive success.

The article discusses the influence of phytostimulants in various concentrations on the growth and development of microclones of representatives of the Nitrariaceae family - Schober's nitraria (Nitraria Schoberi L.) and Siberian nitraria (Nitraria sibirika Pall.) during their cultivation. It has been shown that the effect of phytohormones NAA or IAA at concentrations of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l causes increased rhizogenesis and the intensity of shoot growth of various Nitraria species in in vitro culture. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of various phytostimulants under conditions of using different light illumination for effective performance in the process of microclonal propagation of an unusual and useful plant whose fruits and leaves contain a rich complex of biologically active substances. The results of the effect of different light illumination on the growth and development of selitryanka microclones in tissue culture are presented, where it was found that the combined action of growth regulators and phytolamps illumination led to the stimulation of morphogenetic processes in selitryanka explants, which can be used to regulate the growth of microclonal cultures at low concentrations of phytohormones, also for the stimulation of root system development before the transfer of plants to ex situ conditions it is advisable to use phytolamps.

The article presents the results of studies conducted in gray soils of the cotton crop rotation of the Shardara irrigation basin of the Turkestan region.               Field research this year revealed the agro-resource potential of gray soils for growing cotton crop rotations, brown and chernozems for growing grain and vegetable crops. It has been determined that the natural and climatic conditions of the Shardara irrigation basin are suitable for growing cotton, the average annual air temperature is +12.5°C, the sum of temperatures above 10°C is 4600-4800°C, solar radiation is 60 kcal/year.cm2. The soil is alluvial, the volumetric mass of the field layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm³, porosity is 48–50%, filtration coefficient is 0.08–0.26 m/day, salt content is 0.2–0.4%, groundwater level 0.5–3.0 m, mineral content 1.2–. 3.7 g/l. 38,731 hectares of land were sown with cotton, the irrigation volume was 10,600-15,300 m³/ha, and the yield was 22.2-24.65 t/ha.The total length of irrigation canals is 91,798.2 km, including 12,190.0 km of inter-farm canals and 79,718.2 km of on-farm canals.               Difficulties in irrigated agriculture arise due to poor performance of the drainage network, filtration from main canals, ineffective use of on-farm irrigation systems and other unfavorable factors. As a result, up to 300 thousand hectares of irrigated land in the republic are in unsatisfactory condition, and more than a million hectares of land require radical improvement of existing irrigation networks.

The problem of unused agricultural land in Kazakhstan is currently relevant. Over the past thirty years there has been a sharp decline in agricultural land area. Kazakhstan has enormous land potential, ranking 9th in terms of area in the world, but most of these territories suitable for agriculture are empty in private hands. In 2023, 4.6 million hectares of land were returned to the state, and in total, since the beginning of 2022, 10 million hectares have already been returned. The purpose of this article is to study the problems of degradation processes and analyze the condition of agricultural lands. The authors in this article show the dynamics of changes in the quantitative and qualitative state of agricultural lands, reveal the causes of degradation changes in the state of agricultural lands, and identify the consequences of the development of degradation processes. In the course of writing this article, general scientific methods were used, such as theoretical analysis, comparison, systemic and structural-functional analysis. Results - the dynamics of changes in the use of agricultural lands are shown, the concept of degradation processes is revealed, and changes in the state of agricultural lands are analyzed, and the environmental, economic and social consequences of the non-use of agricultural lands due to degradation changes are identified.

The article describes the hunting-economic indicators of hunting entities in the Almaty region for the 2021 hunting season and presents the results of an analysis of their profitability. The dynamics of the number of animal species that are hunted in the region over a 3-year period is shown. Based on the data obtained, a classification of hunting farms according to economic indicators is proposed.

Understanding the economics of hunting in modern conditions is necessary for the effective management of this industry by the state and the formation of markets for the consumption of hunting products (domestic and external).

This article provides the findings of the study based on the results of the legislation analysis of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to the possibility of establishing a servitude (both public and private) for the purpose of construction of production facilities.

The definition of easement is not given in the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, although this definition is found in the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and in other laws.

According to subparagraph 38) of Article 12 of the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an easement is the right to limited targeted use of someone else’s land plot, including for passage, passage, laying and operation of necessary communications, hunting and other needs. Also, in the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a separate chapter is devoted to easement.

In the process of law enforcement practice to establish easements in the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, internal contradictions and legal vacuums were discovered.

By its nature, an easement is an auxiliary way for a subject to exercise ownership rights in relation to a land plot owned by him, if there are obstacles to its full use.

The legislation provides for a number of cases when the owner or land user is obliged to provide interested individuals and legal entities with the right to limited targeted use of a land plot. Such cases include the provision of an easement for the needs of a state nature reserve, for access to gas supply systems, and to state forest owners for limited access to areas of the state forest fund.

Field of research of the findings – land tenure and land tenure process, land cadaster.

The article discusses the technologies of energy-efficient use of chemical reclamation on degraded lands of the Zhambyl region. According to the research results, it was revealed that the use of energy-efficient chemical reclamation technologies provides a favorable salt regime of the soil, as well as obtaining a high yield of corn grain with savings in fuel and energy resources.

Field experiments on studying energy-efficient use of chemical reclamation on degraded lands were conducted at the experimental-production site of KazSRIWE on the area of 2 ha.

On the basis of calculated research data the energy intensity of reclamation measures was determined using different types of ameliorants and reclamation methods. For objective assessment, energy intensity indicators were divided into two groups: by type of costs and by reclamation effect.

Results of researches on application of different technologies of chemical amelioration have shown that the greatest efficiency gives the variant of technology - "combined application of mineral and liquid chemical ameliorant phosphogypsum (CaSO4ꞏ2H2O) + aqueous ammonia (NH3 + NH4OH), phosphogypsum dose 5 t/ha + aqueous ammonia dose 50 kg/ha, concentration 25%.

The study was carried out as part of the implementation of research work in the field of agro-industrial complex under the scientific and technical program (IRN VR 10764920) "Irrigation technologies and technical means for the introduction of new irrigation lands, reconstruction and modernization of existing irrigation systems" for 2021-2023.

The land issue has been and remains one of the topical issues of interest not only to citizens, but also to society and the state as a whole, due to social, political and state priorities. This is stated in the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.K. Tokayev, "Constructive public dialogue is the basis for stability and prosperity of Kazakhstan." The President separately focused on the land issue of concern to society and noted that "the issue of inefficient use of land resources is becoming more and more urgent." He pointed to the existing "a whole layer of so-called "latifundists" who have received the right to lease land for free and do not use the land, although at the same time there was a problem of "lack of land for farmers to grow forage crops." "It's time to start seizing unused agricultural land," the President pointed out, "Land is our common wealth and should belong to those who work on it." The President also instructed the Government and Parliament to develop and "propose appropriate mechanisms" [1]. What the President said is also confirmed in practice. 576 unused land plots were identified in the Almaty region alone (Karsai district 40/900 hectares, Aksu district 27/1.1 thousand hectares, Balkhash 400/90 thousand hectares, Enbekshikazakhsky 39/ 9.4 thousand hectares, Sarkansky 26/12.5 thousand hectares, Panfilovsky 44/11.3 thousand hectares), with a total area of 125.2 thousand hectares. 332 undeveloped plots of this category with a total area of 2,596 hectares (Medeu, Alatau, Nauryzbai and Turksib districts) have been identified in the city of Almaty. In total, in the city of Almaty, the authorized bodies identified 1,852 undeveloped plots with an area of 5,581 hectares.

The development of market relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan, its social reorientation put in the center of the plans of enterprises of all forms of ownership all the diversity of human needs and interests. It is expressed in concentration of efforts on improvement of provision of the population with goods and services. One of the priority directions of development of the country's economy is the expansion of the sphere of services. The sphere of services is a set of branches, sub-branches and types of activities, the functional purpose of which in the system of social production is expressed in the production and realization of services and spiritual goods for the population.

   In the Address of the Head of State Kasym-Jomart Tokayev to the people of Kazakhstan: "New Kazakhstan: The Path of Renewal and Modernization" it was noted that "...In the modern era for any progressive country it is critically important to have a competitive and free media." (2022)[1] However, in the system of land surveying and cadastral services there is an insufficient level of marketing management, there is no comprehensive approach to the selection and justification of strategic directions of development, methods of developing marketing strategies that meet the requirements of the land market.

This article is devoted to a study aimed at the development and thorough analysis of an algorithm and software for automatically determining the parameters of apples, based on the analysis of their images using computer vision. The methodology described in the article is based on the analysis of apple images using the OpenCV computer vision library implemented in the Python programming language. The developed algorithm allows you to automatically determine a number of key characteristics of apples, including their diameter, height, area, percentage of red color on the surface and identification of possible external defects. As part of the study, the qualitative characteristics of apples were analyzed based on their external parameters. This made it possible to develop specialized procedures for the automated determination of these parameters using image analysis. In the process of verifying the effectiveness of the technique, experiments were conducted in which the results obtained by traditional measurement methods were compared with the results obtained on the basis of an automated digital installation. The results obtained during the study confirmed the practical coincidence of the values of the diameter and height of the fetus, measured with a caliper and determined using the developed program. In addition, the developed algorithm and program make it possible to determine not only the basic parameters of apples, but also to analyze the cross-sectional area and the percentage of red color on their surface. As a result, the developed method makes it possible to significantly speed up the process of determining the parameters of apples compared to traditional manual methods, which has been proven by experimental results.

Among the feeds, especially during the stall period (regardless of the season), for meat and dairy cattle breeding, silage occupies a large share (up to 65%). Milk market, according to the Dairy Union of Kazakhstan, about 78% of milk in the republic is produced by small farms, the rest is accounted for by specialized farms. Due to the imperfection of existing methods for harvesting and storing silage, feed losses range from 5 to 35%. Therefore, the insufficient nutritional value of the main feed and the difficulty of preserving it due to the lack of a technical base leads to a decrease in the profitability of dairy cattle breeding. The article presents the functionality of a standard low-frame trailer by completing the technical means for vacuuming silage under the forage harvester. The principle of operation and the differences between the known method and the new sample of the mobile unit. Theoretically, the processes and operations performed by each mechanism of the unit are described. The algorithm of the new method consisting 6 operations. Comparative Gantt chart for the performed operations of the known from the improved method are presented, the total time of the new method was 46 minutes, thereby demonstrating its effectiveness.

In the laboratory conditions of the Scientific and Educational Innovation Center for Technology and Food Quality of the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, research work was carried out to develop recipes and technological regimes for the production of multicomponent juices based on melon crops using fortifying additives of plant origin.

When developing the recipe for multicomponent juices, special attention was paid to organoleptic characteristics. The developed juice compositions were subjected to organoleptic evaluation using a scoring system. The selection of components was determined based on the functional orientation of the juices using fortifying additives of plant origin.

Based on experimentally established original combinations of main and additional raw materials, recipes were created that ensure an optimal balance of main nutrients while maintaining the high taste properties of the finished products.

To form and improve the taste, smell, color and consistency, canned fruit juices (apple, plum, pear) and canned vegetable juices (juice from green bell pepper, beetroot, carrot) were introduced into the recipe; juices of medicinal plants were used to give the juices a functional focus, in particular the juices of aloe, lemon balm and nettle.

As a result of the research, technological regimes for the production of multi-component functional juices based on melon crops have been developed.

The developed recipes and technological regimes for the production of multicomponent functional juices based on melon crops can be introduced into the production conditions of processing industry enterprises.

The organoleptic parameters of optimal smoothie compositions based on melon fruits with enriching additives of plant origin were studied in the conditions of the Scientific and Educational Innovation Center for Technology and Food Quality of the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University during the production tests of technologies. The developed smoothie compositions were subjected to organoleptic evaluation using a scoring system. In the organoleptic analysis, the tasting commission used an assessment from 1 to 10 points in increments of 0.5, corresponding to the quality of the product in the study of each indicator having a weighting factor: taste – 0.2; smell – 0.35; color – 0.2; consistency – 0.25.

The overall score of the organoleptic assessment of the composition of a functional smoothie based on melons is presented in the form of profilograms.

The highest organoleptic rating was given to the melon-based smoothie "Cleansing", which has a rich dark purple color, a distinct aroma of blueberries and melon, a pleasant taste of blueberries with notes of melon and plum, a homogeneous and delicate consistency.

The organoleptic assessment within the range of 9.7-9.8 points was shown by the smoothie compositions "Diuretic", "Choleretic", "Soothing".

The lowest score for organoleptic indicators was given to the melon-pumpkin-based smoothie "Toning", which has an unusual bright green color, a sweetish-melon-herbaceous taste, a distinct melon-spinach aroma, and a homogeneous and light consistency.

Studies to determine physico-chemical indicators, such as the mass fraction of protein, fat, carbohydrates, dry substances, titrated acidity, vitamins C and beta-carotene, calcium, magnesium and iron were carried out in an accredited testing laboratory of NUTRITEST LLP.