No. 3 (99) (2023): Research, results

The article presents the materials of the most valuable quality of fat-tailed sheep, along with high precocity, regular fertility is the high viability of the offspring, which serves as an objective criterion for their adaptive ability to various paratypes factors and to study the reproductive productivity of Kazakh fat-tailed sheep in two flocks, 1165 freshly received ewes were cervically inseminated sperm of Kazakh fat-tailed rams. Ewes in natural estrus were detected once daily in the morning from 7 to 8 a.m. with the aid of the teaser rams. Sperm from 6 sire-rams was collected with the aid of an artificial vagina. Double cervical insemination was performed at 9-10 a.m. and 4-5 p.m. On average 78% or 921 ewes out of 1165 inseminated lambed ranging from 76% to 81% in two flocks. Total of 1080 lambs were born, or 117.3 lambs per 100 lambed ewes. Body weights in the single newborn ram and ewe lambs were 5.04±0.07 (n=108) and 4.44±0.07 kg (n=98), while in the twin males and females were 3.94±0.08 (n=20) and 3.79±0.09 kg (n=18), respectively.

It is concluded that Kazakh fat-tailed sheep have a high reproductive capacity.

The creation of functional products with increased biological value, created on the basis of natural food raw materials and enriched with vitamins, microelements, as well as natural additives based on vegetable raw materials, without the use of synthetic food additives is one of the most urgent and urgent tasks today. , not only dairy, but also other branches of the food industry. The use of plant-based fillers is one of the ways to increase the nutritional value of dairy products. The combination of a milk base with herbal supplements is a promising direction, since the requirements of functional nutrition are best met by multicomponent products based on raw materials of animal and vegetable origin. In this aspect, of particular interest is mulberry or black mulberry fruits, which contain B vitamins, folic acid, which maintains the health of the vascular system, and carotene, which is useful for vision. Mulberry helps to reduce cholesterol levels, strengthens the immune system, contributes to the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract, improves metabolism. Mulberry berries increase hemoglobin, supply the body with iodine, contribute to the regulation of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Mulberry fruits contain many vitamins, micro and macro elements: retinol; ascorbic acid; phyllochi-non; B vitamins; iron; manganese; copper; zinc; calcium; sodium.

An urgent problem for the meat industry is the search for solutions to increase the nutritional and biological value of meat products, while reducing the cost of finished products. A promising assortment group of meat products is chopped meat semi-finished products. The use of protein-carbohydrate compositions in the technology of minced meat semi-finished products using local resources of agricultural raw materials is an important area of scientific research. The aim of the research is to develop a recipe of meat substituting protein-carbohydrate composition (PCC) and modified recipes of meat minced semi-finished products (cutlets) with its use, comparative evaluation of their nutritional, energy value and economic indicators of industrial production.

The PCC on the basis of composition: soya minced meat okara - whey protein concentrate WPC 80 - chickpea flour in the ratio 30:19:13, without taking into account water for hydration. By the method of computer-aided design using the index of amino acid composition balance as a target function, the ratio of PCC components in the formulation, providing high biological value, was determined. The generalised criterion of desirability of balanced amino acid composition for the developed formulation of PCC is 0.98 %.

In the development of modified recipes of cutlets as a basic standard recipe was used, which is based on beef cutlet meat, pork cutlet meat, wheat bread in the ratio of 27:5:6. Pork cutlet meat was replaced by poultry mince or mutton mince. Wheat bread and part of beef cutlet meat was replaced by hydrated PCC.

Information on the state and prospects for the development of animal husbandry in the Republic of Kazakhstan is presented. It pays special attention to the development of the vast territory of pastures in Kazakhstan and rightly notes that the industry plays an important role in solving the social problems of the indigenous population.

According to the FAO, farm animals satisfy about 30% of all human needs, and about 70% of the poor are completely dependent on livestock as a component of their livelihood. At the same time, the most preferred types of farm animals are: large and small cattle, horses, camels and poultry, since from these animals the population receives milk, meat and raw materials for light industry [1].

The article notes that in Kazakhstan with its vast expanses of semi-desert and desert pastures can be used for breeding sheep, camels and horses.

In the Republic, there are great prospects for the reproduction and further improvement of new domestic breeds of farm animals bred in specific ecological and geographical zones of Kazakhstan.

Undoubtedly, one of the main factors for the effective functioning of any livestock farm is the development of a forage base, since a significant part of the cost structure for products falls on feed. In addition, they play a major role in the cost of production.

In the dry and hot climate of the republic, natural pastures serve as the basis for fodder for farm animals, and pasture rotation is the system for the proper use of pastures.

The article presents the results of the study of genetic diversity of traditional horse breeds based on whole  genome analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using Equine 80k HTS microarrays (Illumina Inc., USA).

Hair follicle samples from Kazakh horses of the breeds Zhabe (ZHB, n = 631), Adai (ADA, n = 303) and Naiman (NMN, n = 158), Mugalzhar (MUG, n = 584), Kushum (KSH, n = 226) and Kostanay (KOS, n = 116) were used as material for the studies. Quality control of SNP genotyping was performed using PLINK1.9 software, PLINK1.9, R-package, BEAGLE, ADMIXTURE, CLUMPAK, and FigTree software was used for data processing and visualisation. The final set of markers selected by quality control and used for analysis contained 60 987 SNPs.

All horse breeds studied had very close values of expected and observed heterozygosity, with an average of 0,3478 and 0,3443. The degree of observed heterozygosity in the horse breeds studied varied from 0,3402 in the Kazakh breed Adai type and Mugaljar breed to 0,3514 in the Kushum breed. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE program, expected and observed heterozygosity (He and Ho), and between-group fixation index (Fst), the absence of genetic variability between the studied horse breeds was revealed. Comparison with previously published data on the genetic diversity of horse breeds revealed a relatively high level of individual diversity in traditional horses compared with foreign breeds. At the same time, Mongolian and Tuva breeds were identified as the most closely related horse breeds. This is the first time that we have investigated the genetic diversity of traditional horse breeds using whole genome SNP analysis. These results serve as the beginning of an in-depth study of the gene pool of the breeds and an assessment of their importance for the prospects of agricultural production.

To provide the population with food, it is very important to re-cultivate "fallow lands" that have been retired from agricultural use. The dropout of arable land from agricultural circulation in the south of Kazakhstan is, first of all, closely related to salinization. For the purposes of sustainable development, there is a need to develop proposals for re-mastering by studying their current state, reviewing world studies on the reclamation of saline soils. Therefore, this study was devoted to the study of the current ecological and reclamation state of fallow lands on the example of the Otyrar region of South Kazakhstan and the discussion of the issues of their development and the presentation of proposals. In the course of the study, the historical method was used in studying the emergence and formation of fallow lands, the method of geographical analysis in the territorial analysis of the object of study, statistical and comparative methods in showing the complexity and intensity of the problem, cartographic and geoinformation methods in studying the state of fallow lands in the object of study, field studies (reconnaissance) when checking the contours of fallow lands. With the help of geoinformation technologies, it was revealed that the area of the studied fallow lands is 13688.9 ha, including the area of non-saline soils – 83.9 ha, weakly saline soils – 984.4 ha, medium saline soils – 2398.3 ha, highly saline soils - 10222,1 ha. A review of the methods and technologies proposed by scientists for the development and reclamation of saline lands is made. Taking into account the ecological and reclamation state of the object of research and the material and technical capabilities of farms, 2 methods of developing fallow lands (organic and agro-innovative) are proposed and the need for their use in case of soil salinization is scientifically substantiated.

The article contains information on the species composition of aphids that damage plants of the Amaranthaceae (former haze) and Asteraceae (wormwood of the subgenus Seriphidium) families in the pasture territories of Southeastern Kazakhstan. In the course of our research, 26 species of aphids from 14 genera and 2 subfamilies of the family Aphididae: Eriosomatinae (2 вида), Aphidinae (24) were identified. The methods of collecting, cultivating and mounting aphids are considered. Species sketches of aphids are given, indicating the host plant, distribution across natural ecosystems, abundance and type of habitat. Biocenotic distribution, trophic features and relative abundance of identified aphid species are analyzed. The most harmful species of aphids in high numbers, oppressing forage plants, have been identified. These are: Brachyunguis harmalae, Xerobion cinae, Aphis craccivora craccivora A. gossypii gossypii, A. fabae, Macrosiphoniella seriphidii. These species cause double damage to plants, inhibiting their growth and development and transferring viruses dangerous to plants, which together leads to a decrease in their yield and seed yield. In general, the species composition of aphids that damage plants from the Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae (Artemisia) families, which are typical pasture plants in arid biocenoses, is quite rich and peculiar.

The article presents the results of research on the detection and identification of morphological and cultural characteristics of the pathogens causing root rot in winter wheat under the conditions of Almaty Region. The research was conducted in 2021 in the laboratory facilities of the «Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology» using commonly accepted methods in microbiology and phytopathology. The statistical analysis was conducted using the R Studio software through the Student's t-test for analysis of variance. The critical level of significance was determined using the p-value. During the study, it was determined that winter wheat exhibited signs of fusarium and root rot through analysis of roll cultures on filter paper and determination of seed infection on seeds germinated on sand. It was found that the main pathogens causing root rot were two species of fungi, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium spp. The results of the phytosanitary analysis for disease incidence varied on average from 91% to 94% affected seeds. Seed infection was detected in the Almala variety, with a prevalence of 46% for Bipolaris sorokiniana and 45% for Fusarium spp. For the Canada variety, the prevalence rates correspond to 56% for Bipolaris sorokiniana and 38% for Fusarium spp. The growth dynamics of the P15 and P15_I strains of Bipolaris sorokiniana on nutrient media isolated from wheat seeds indicate that the environment and the isolate factor influence the colony area. The growth dynamics of Fusarium F₂ and F₃ colonies were shown to be significantly correlated with the area of the substrate at p < 0.05 level. The biological characteristics of Fusarium spp and Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia, including the length, width, and quantity of the segments, were determined.

Leaf rust caused by the parasitic basidiomycete Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, one of the most harmful diseases of spring soft wheat both in Kazakhstan and in the world. The development of rust diseases can lead to a significant reduction in the yield of susceptible wheat varieties. The main problem of wheat breeding is the loss of efficiency of resistance genes, which is associated with the emergence of new virulent races of pathogens. This article presents the results of assessing the resistance of spring wheat varieties at the stage of seedlings and adult plants, as well as the results of screening for Lr resistance genes using molecular markers. As a result of the experiments, 9 samples were selected, demonstrating a high level of resistance to both races of P. recondita - MKT/Q and TJT/R at the seedling stage. In the field for two years of testing, 6 varieties were selected that showed a high level of resistance to the pathogen. The use of molecular markers made it possible to identify carriers of effective Lr resistance genes. Based on the results of molecular screening, 4 carriers of the Lr9 resistance gene were identified; 5 carriers of the Lr10 gene; 7 carriers Lr26; 7 carriers of Lr34 and 2 carriers of the Lr46 gene. The results obtained can be used in the breeding programs of Kazakhstan.

Currently, the number of pests that are quarantine objects is growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of them is a dangerous pest of fruit crops - the California shield (Diaspidiotus perniciosus). Every year, a large number of fruit and vegetable products are imported into our country from all over the world, which creates a threat of importation of particularly dangerous quarantine organisms into our country. This article presents the biological features of the quarantine pest – the California shield in the conditions of the Almaty region and describes the bioecology. Due to the high harmfulness, the California shield is classified as a quarantine facility. The harmfulness of this pest is very high. Therefore, the identification of pest foci, in-depth study of bioecology is one of the relevant works. The visual method of detecting the California shield is extremely inefficient, since it requires a lot of time and physical costs, as well as a large number of qualified specialists. Therefore, pheromonitoring using pheromone traps is carried out annually in apple orchards. In the course of the study, pheromonitoring of this pest was carried out using pheromone traps. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the summer of the California shield was determined and a phenological calendar of the pest development was compiled. The article also provides control methods used in the process of determining the phase of development and dynamics of the summer of the pest.

In the Almaty region during the growing season, when monitoring and accounting for the number of pests and diseases, their distribution was established on alfalfa, soy, corn, wheat, barley, rapeseed.

On rapeseed, during the emergence of seedlings and before the phase of the second pair of real leaves, cruciferous fleas (Phyllotreta cruciferae) were found from pests in the amount of 7-9 copies/m2, which exceeded the EPV (3-5 copies/m2). Treatments with biological preparations Actarofit, Greene Gold and Extrasol were carried out against phytophages, the biological effectiveness of which was 95.8-96.5%

On 3 sections of the field. The trichogram parasite was used to suppress the development of cotton scoops and corn moths on corn normally, at the rate of 350 gr./ ha. In some areas against these pests, the release of gabrobragon at the rate of 500 individuals / ha and golden-eyed at the rate of 500 eggs / ha was carried out. Biological preparations and entomophages were tested on rapeseed, corn, wheat crops in order to ecologize the protection of measures and showed the possibility of complex application of safe techniques in the organization of organic farming. An important method of greening plant protection is the phytoexpertiza of seeds and the introduction of protective and stimulating compounds for their recovery.

The yellow rust of wheat caused by Puccinia Striiformis is one of the most serious diseases of agricultural crops around the world. Rust diseases remain one of the most ancient diseases of plants known to humanity. Since the discovery of yellow rust (P. Striiformis), many scientific studies have been focused on studying the life cycle of pathogen and methods of combating it. The preservation of prolonged viability of the spores of yellow rust is based on mass products of the dispute, spread by the wind over long distances and infected plants in the presence of favorable conditions. The arising genetic mutations in the population of the pathogen contribute to the emergence of new races more virulent to stable wheat varieties. At the moment, there is no risk of large epiphytotists with huge yield losses, but the disease continues to affect crops in all regions of wheat cultivation. In 2022, as a result of monitoring work carried out in the Zhambyl and Turkestan regions, it was established that Kazakhstan 10  and Pamyat 47 cultivars were greatly affected by yellow rust (P. Striiformis), the prevalence of the disease on crops was 32% and 18%, and the plant affection indicator 1,6% and 1.3%, respectively. In addition, in the studied areas, stable cultivars were identified that demonstrate the immune reaction (IT-0) to the pathogen of yellow rust P. Striiformis: Steklovidnaya 24, Tanya (Russia), Steklovidnaya 24, Evklid (France), Steklovidnaya 24 (field 5) and Steklovidnaya 24 Super Elite (field 1), Super Elite Shol (Field 1), Krasnovodopadskaya 210, Super Elite Shol (Field 2), these varieties can be used as donors of resistance to yellow rust of wheat in breeding programs. One of the main tasks of agriculture is to increase grain production. 

The climate changes taking place on the Earth set the task of increasing the production of high-quality grain of agricultural crops, in particular cereals, widely using adaptive varieties that can consistently realize their potential. The creation of new varieties is impossible without a purposeful study of the gene pool, without the selection of genotypes that have pronounced economically valuable traits. The demand for new varieties with a complex of valuable traits, adapted to various environmental conditions and capable of producing stable yields, is constantly growing.

The article presents the results of the study of collection samples of spring soft wheat from Kazakhstan, Russia, Norway, Canada. When studying the collection samples of wheat, special attention was paid to the factors influencing the formation of the yield of samples. Factors such as: the mass of grain per ear, the length of the ear and the number of grains in the ear are the determining factors for obtaining high grain productivity in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. According to the results of the research, samples were selected that have advantages over the Akmola 2 standard and other samples in terms of grain weight from the plot, ear length, number of grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains: Start, Step, KS 111/09-2, Leader 1143, Lutescens 1012 (collection samples from Russia), GVK 2097/14 (sample from Kazakhstan). The samples selected for the complex and individual elements of productivity are recommended for inclusion in breeding programs as a starting material for creating new varieties.

Wheat is the main grain crop of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Wheat yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is one of the most important cereal diseases worldwide. The infection can infect about 320 species of cereal grasses from 50 genera. Relevance of research - one of the harmful diseases of wheat is yellow rust caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. The pathogen reduces yield, seed quality, and can cause 100% yield loss under optimal weather conditions. The use of resistant wheat varieties is an economically and environmentally sound way to control diseases, thus reducing the use of fungicides. The development of wheat varieties resistant to yellow rust and ensuring the long-term preservation of their resistance remains the main task of breeding. Therefore, in this regard, a constant search for new donors of sustainability is always necessary. The article presents the results of a study of the wheat collection (out of 50 samples), 15 spring wheat varieties were identified that were carriers of the Yr9 gene. 15 carriers of the Yr10 gene, 17 carriers of the Yr15 gene, one carrier of the Yr17 gene, 4 carriers of the Yr18 gene carriers of the Yr29 gene. The highest frequency of occurrence among spring wheat samples was observed in the Yr15 gene (34%), followed by the Yr9 (30%), Yr10 (30%), Yr29 (16%), and Yr18 (8 %). The Yr17 gene was found in only one (2%) wheat genotype.

In recent years, research on the study of flax diseases has not been conducted in Kazakhstan and Russia. Research on diseases and pests of flax in the CIS countries is devoted to applied issues aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of preparations for pre-sowing seed treatment, monitoring the spread of diseases and pests, and assessing their impact. Research on flax seeds in different parts of the world is especially important because the response of cultivars to fungal pathogens can vary regionally due to the presence and/or development of new strains of the pathogen. The article presents the research results on the influence of fungicides on seed infection of flax and lentils in laboratory conditions. The data from phytoexamination of lentil and flax seeds showed that these crops were dominated by fungi from the genera Fusarium and Alternaria, and bacterial exudate was also noted with a frequency of occurrence ranging from 57.1% to 85.7%. Evaluation of the effectiveness of seed dressing in a controlled laboratory environment showed that all tested preparations, including Selest Top 312.5, s.c. (thiamethoxam, 262.5 g/l + difenoconazole, 25 g/l + fludioxonil, 25 g/l), Lamador, s.c. (prothioconazole, 250 g/l + tebuconazole, 150 g/l), and Olimp, s.c. (flutriafol, 75 g/l + thiabendazole, 50 g/l + imazalil, 15 g/l), were highly effective against Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp.

The results of the analysis of the method of processing organic waste and the production of new products, as well as the quality of input and output products are presented.

The indicators of the waste pyrolysis process are calculated depending on the degree of heating and temperature of biomass processing.

The results of analyzes carried out to determine the moisture content, the amount of volatile substances in the composition of biochar and to determine the carbon in the composition of biochar, for further use of biochar in soil application are given. Biochar products were brought from different regions of France.

The conditions for the analysis correspond to the requirements established for laboratory research, while the following indicators of the substance and processes were selected: sample weight ≈ 30 (mg); temperature 900 (°C); heating rate 10 (°C.min-1); residence time 60 (min); atmosphere N2/Air; gas flow rate 100 (ml.min-1)

The process of pyrolysis consists in the transformation of organic substances under the action of heating in an inert atmosphere, on the basis of which it is established at a temperature of 350 ... 400 0C. the minimum heating rate is 35...40 deg 0С/min., and the maximum productivity of biochar, which increases bulk density, aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity, water and nutrient retention capacity, soil cation exchange capacity, soil pH.

The results of adding the obtained biochar to the soil cause changes in the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil and increase porosity, bulk density, aggregative stability, hydraulic conductivity, water and nutrient retention capacity, soil cation exchange capacity, soil pH, composition and microbial activity in the end result will lead to increased fertility.

This article presents the results of studies conducted in 2021-2022 on dark chestnut soils of Central Kazakhstan to study the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield of peas of the Aksaysky Usatiy 55 variety and the dynamics of the main nutrients of the soil, such as nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchange potassium during the pea growing season by phases: shoots; budding and flowering. Sowing of the above crop was carried out by three different seeding rates (0.8; 1.0; 1.2 million pieces of seeds per 1 ha), at three different sowing dates (May 11; 15; 20) and on three backgrounds: control (without fertilizers); P 82 kg/ha a.s.; P 82 kg/ha a.s. + N 17 kg/ha a.s.

The content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil before sowing peas according to all seeding standards was from very low to high, depending on the sowing period and climatic conditions. The introduction of ammophous increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil for all terms and norms of sowing peas: up to 16.6-17.5 mg/kg on variants with a sowing period of May 11 and up to 28.1-37.5 mg/kg of soil on variants with a later sowing period. Upon addition of more ammonium sulphate, respectively, further increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil - up to 40.5 mg / kg of soil. The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil before sowing peas in the control variants (without fertilizers) was very low and low at the level of 8.8-23.5 mg/kg. The introduction of ammophous as a phosphorus-containing fertilizer increased the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil to 38.1 mg/ kg of soil, which corresponds to increased security.

This research investigates the interplay between socioeconomic and environmental indicators in the Kyzylorda district along the Syr Darya River. Through an analysis of the food, energy, and water (FEW) functions and their implications for sustainable development, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners. Specifically, we examine the impact of climate change factors, such as precipitation and temperature, on the production and yield of three key crops: wheat, rice, and corn.

To conduct this study, we utilized daily temperature and precipitation data from the preceding years of 2021 and 2022, along with corresponding crop yield data for the same period. Our methodology draws upon established practices, including correlation analysis to assess the relationship between climatic factors and crop yield. Additionally, regression analysis enables us to develop predictive formulas to anticipate the effects of future climate changes on crop yield and agricultural practices in the region. Moreover, ANOVA employed to measure variations in daily temperature and precipitation during the certain period.

Leguminous crops are rich in protein, as a result of which they are an important component of crop biodiversity and food security. Providing the country's population with food is the main task of agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to study the genetic diversity of pea varieties and determine the degree of genetic discrepancy between the collection samples. 37 genotypes of the baleen pea morphotype, of various ecological and geographical origin, have been studied. The research was carried out in the fields of the breeding nursery of the Scientific and Production Center of Grain Farming named after A.I. Baraev. Cluster analysis is a procedure for grouping research objects by a specific data set. Observations were carried out on 12 quantitative signs, namely: the growing season from germination to flowering, day.; from germination to maturation, day.; yield, g/m2; number of internodes, pcs.; number of productive nodes, pcs.; plant height, cm.; height of attachment of the lower bean, cm.; number of beans per plant, pcs.; number of seeds in a bean, pcs.; number of seeds from a plant, pcs.; the mass of seeds from a plant, g.; the mass of 1000 seeds, g., using the analysis of the main components and cluster analysis to determine the relationship and genetic discrepancy between individuals. As a result of cluster analysis, 37 samples of pea germplasm were grouped into two main clusters and five subgroups, while the minimum number of samples was found in the second cluster, in group 3B (1 pc.), and the maximum number was found in group 1B (13 pcs.). The results obtained showed that among the two clusters, a separate genotype in group 2C has the highest average value for almost all the analyzed traits, except for the number of seeds in the bean. 

In recent years, the global market of new technologies and food products has shown a tendency to increase the number of qualitatively new products designed to prevent various diseases and strengthen the body's defenses. Today, there are very few foods and biologically active additives of immunostimulating and restorative effect in the diet. However, from plant raw materials grown in Kazakhstan with appropriate technologies, it is possible to obtain all the necessary biocomponents for the improvement and prevention of human diseases. In this paper, the possibility of using the green walnut peel as a source of vitamins and minerals of plant origin is considered. The healing properties of walnuts can be used even at the stage of ripening. The green peel of such fruits can work wonders in the human body and has been used in folk medicine for a long time. In this paper, the possibility of using the green walnut peel as a source of vitamins and minerals of plant origin in the food industry is considered. The chemical composition of the walnut peel was investigated. The work was carried out during the implementation of the project on the topic "The use of non-traditional types of walnut waste in order to obtain a preventive product" within the framework of the program "Development of high-tech technologies for deep processing of agricultural raw materials in order to expand the range and output of finished products from a unit of raw materials, as well as to reduce the share of waste in production".

The purpose of the presented research is to adapt the genetic diversity of sorghum culture to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. In the course of the research work, a collection set of samples of sorghum of domestic and foreign breeding was studied, represented by varieties of various ecological and geographical groups. Based on field and laboratory assessments, the samples were ranked according to the degree of severity of the main economically useful signs. The phenological observations carried out during the growing season revealed significant differences among the studied samples in the duration of the growing season. The assessment of a set of varieties according to the height of the stem, the yield of the green mass and its structure was carried out. The parameters of the feed value of the varieties were determined by laboratory analyses of the content of crude protein, fiber, crude fat and ash. The calculation of the energy nutritional value of feed, expressed in terms of exchange energy and feed units. The gross energy of the feed is determined by the chemical composition of the feed. The sorghum collection set is evaluated according to the degree of resistance to diseases and pests. The paper shows the possibility of cultivating the studied sorghum varieties for fodder and grain use in the conditions of northern Kazakhstan.

The assessment of sorghum varieties was carried out in the field and laboratory conditions, according to the guidelines for the selection of perennial grasses of the V.I. V.R. Williams and the CMEA Broad Unified Classifier and the CMEA International Classifier of Cultivated Species of the Sorghum Moench Genus. Laboratory studies of the feed mass were carried out in accordance with GOSTs regulating the quality of the feed.

The article presents the results of a study on the influence of organic and biological fertilizers and biological products on effective soil fertility and corn yield. The annual use of biological fertilizers and biological products (seed treatment, leaf treatment of plants during the growing season) contributed to an increase in the productivity and quality of corn and to the activation of microbiological activity of the soil environment. The tendencies of increasing the potential and effective soil fertility, an increase in total humus by 0.3-0.04%, mobile P2O5 by 5.4-7.7 and K2O by 3.4-10.0 mg/kg of soil were noted. The influence of biologization agents on the quality of corn grains showed that the highest protein content in corn grains was in the variants with biohumus, with the HansePlant complex and Bioecogum (7.23-8.00%), slightly lower in the variants with the aftereffect of manure, with Tumat and with Agroflorin (6.56-6.82%). In the control version - 6.34%. The fat content in the corn grains of the control variant was at the level of 3.50%, in the variants with biologization means - 3.96-4.60%. The level of corn yield, depending on the use of biologization agents, was 127.2-153.6 c/ha, with the value of this indicator in the control variant 104.8 c /ha. The highest yield was obtained on the variant with BioEcoGum (153.6 c/ha), slightly lower with Agroflorin (142.0 c/ha) and with HansePlant (140.6 c/ha). The highest protein content in corn grains was in the variants with biohumus, with the HansePlant complex and BioEcoGum (7.23-8.00%), with the value of this indicator in the control – 6.34%.

This article provides data on the organization of a green conveyor for animal husbandry based on intensive use of irrigated land during the growing season. Research work on the creation of a green conveyor was carried out at the experimental production hospital of "Bayserke-Agro" LLP on light chestnut soils. To create a green conveyor by intensive use of irrigated lands, we have carried out the selection of basic and intermediate crops for sowing during the growing season. The results of scientific research have shown that winter triticale and winter rapeseed reach the earing phase on May 20-25 and give a green mass in the range of 549-581 kg /ha - the beginning of animal feeding. After harvesting these winter crops, the sown corn for grain ripens to full ripeness and the grain yield was 71.0 c/ha. Half of the winter triticale and rapeseed crops were left until full ripening, the yield of triticale grain was 62.7 c/ha, and rapeseed – 24.3 c/ha. After harvesting these crops on July 10, the corn sown for silage by the end of September provided a yield of green mass – 680 kg/ha. Joint sowing of winter oats with alfalfa by June 10 provided a green mass within 570 c/ha, and joint spring sowing of oats and peas by June 20 – 572 c/ha. After harvesting the joint sowing of oats and peas on June 25, sorghum was sown on a green mass, the yield of which was 630 kg/ha by September 10. Based on these data, a green conveyor for feeding animals from early spring to late autumn has been compiled.

The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the use of increasing norms of mineral fertilizers and various methods of basic processing on the dynamics of moisture and nutrient content, the productivity of safflower on light chestnut soil of the zone of insufficient moisture. The experimental work was carried out in 2022 on a rain-fed plot with an area of 5.5 hectares of Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production LLP in Karasai district of Almaty region. During the growing season of safflower, the best moisture availability of the soil against the background of mineral fertilizers was observed with the use of zero treatment in the range of 73.4-167.4 mm, while plowing and flat-cutting treatment was lower than 63.4-155.7 mm and 52.6-166.3 mm. The introduction of ammonium nitrate in the norm of N90 in the phase of 5-6 pairs of real safflower leaves provided the maximum content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in the soil in the branching phase with flat-cut treatment – 121 mg / kg, than with plowing and zero treatment - 100 mg / kg and 95 mg/ kg. The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil during the growing season of safflower with the use of various norms of mineral fertilizers was higher on plowing – 60-92 mg/kg, the average value of this indicator was noted without the use of treatment – 55-87 mg/ kg and the lowest with flat-cutting treatment – 35-71 mg/kg. From the germination phase to the end of the safflower growing season, the content of exchangeable potassium in the soil decreased and the smallest amount of it remained on the untreated variant by harvest - 245-322 mg/kg, the average values were noted with flat-cut processing – 248-381 mg/kg and the highest was for plowing - 268-342 mg/kg. 

The article discusses the problems of transboundary cooperation between Kazakhstan and China in the Ertis river basin, whose water resources are of great economic and social importance for each country in the region. Due to geopolitical reasons, Kazakhstan is dependent on the transboundary inflow from China, which tends to decrease. The decrease in inflow is associated with the intensive economic development of the western provinces of China (XUAR of the PRC), which began in the 2000s and was accompanied by widespread regulation of river flow, including the transfer of Yertis water to neighboring water-deficient areas. Kazakhstan is concerned about the increase in water intake in the upper part of the Yertis river basin, which is fraught with a drop in the water level downstream, the inability of hydraulic units to operate at full capacity, a reduction in water supply to economic sectors, an increase in the concentration of harmful pollutants, and environmental degradation, especially in the lower reaches.

Depending on the level of anthropogenic impact on the flow (volumes of water intakes) in the Chinese territory of the basin, scenarios of transboundary inflow along the Kara Ertis river to Kazakhstan for the future 2030, 2040 and 2050 have been developed. The first scenario is "inertial", based on current trends in the development of the economy and the level of water use of the PRC XUAR.  The second scenario is "intensive," considers the most unfavorable situation of water cooperation between Kazakhstan and China in the conditions of the full use of water resources formed on its territory by the Chinese side.

The paper discusses the current state of forest belts in one of the districts of the North Kazakhstan region. In accordance with the existing methods of research, the composition of the forest stand of forest belts, its current state were determined. In the course of the study, attention was paid to the features of the crown shape, its general condition and the degree of drying. An assessment of the general condition of forest belts was also given. The paper provides an indicator of the total percentage of healthy trees in two areas of forest belts. In location 1, the forest stand is 100% healthy trees that do not require replacement. In location 2, the proportion of damaged trees is 58.9%. These are trees that have varying degrees of crown drying and require replacement. The surveyed areas of forest belts currently do not fulfill their field protection function due to their low density and sparse life, as well as the presence of a large number of blackouts. Location 1, according to its age indicators, is at the stage of forest stand formation, and location 2 has already reached a digressive level in its development. The degressive level of the state of this section of the forest belt is due to both its age characteristics and the complete lack of care. The lack of care for the forest belts, as well as the fallow nature of the farmlands located here, led to the spread of balsam poplar on both sides of the forest belt. To restore the field-protective functions of one of the surveyed areas of forest belts, which is the main one, it is necessary to reconstruct it (by 58.9%) by replacing dried and damaged trees.

The international legal framework should provide for a fair, reasonable, environmentally sustainable and binding regime for all parties on water use and water allocation. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the needs of nature itself in water in order to preserve and increase bioproductivity and biodiversity. In other words, the preservation of the natural character of the river flow as a natural object. Only the ecologically permissible volume of water resources is subject to withdrawal, taking into account the mandatory losses of runoff and the environmental requirements of the delta.

For the conservation of river ecosystems, the most important task is to scientifically substantiate the allowable volumes of withdrawal and ecological flow of rivers. The process of assessing environmental flow is very complex, resource-intensive, and for determining environmental flow indicators in a region, in a particular country and in transboundary basins covering several countries, it is important to select methodologies.

The article deals with issues and makes an overview of the definition of ecological flow. A review of the methodology for rationing the ecological flow has been carried out. A general calculation algorithm for different runoff availability is given. The values of the ecological flow and the volume of the maximum allowable withdrawal of river flow of various availability for the outflow ranges of the Syrdariya, Arys and Keles rivers were obtained.

This article deals with the issues of changes in river flow in the Oyil River basin caused by nonstationary climatic and anthropogenic conditions. To assess the hydrometeorological characteristics of the study basin, we used data from the published cadastral materials given in "Basic Hydrological Characteristics", "Multiyear Data on Surface Water Regime and Resources", "Surface Water Resources", "Hydrological Yearbooks" as well as Internet sources. Using well-known statistical processing methods, hydrometeorological characteristics of river runoff were analyzed, graphs and histograms were plotted, which in turn show changes and fluctuations in precipitation, air temperature and river runoff. Hydrological series of hydrometric gauges of the Oyil River basin for the period from 1940 to 2019 were collected and analysed to assess changes in river flow. Changes in river flow in the study basin were determined for two periods: natural and disturbed. For each period, the characteristics of the runoff of different supply were identified by constructing the distribution curves. The changes in the annual flow averaged from 1.5 (river Oyil - Oyil village) to 27 % (river Oyil-Altykarasu, river Oyil-Taisogan) in the direction of reduction. On the hydrological stations Saltogay, Altykarasu and Taisoigan the results of curves of security in the field of high stream flow show considerable decrease in flow from 35 % up to 45 % whereas in the field of low stream flow we observe increase in flow of about 250-300 %, i.e. the water flow in high stream flow has decreased, and in low-water has increased.

The Aral ecological crisis occupies a special place among global problems and is the result of the largest human meddling in the environment on the planet.  The shrinking of the Aral Sea exposed another global catastrophe: anthropogenic desertification.

Before the Aral Sea began to dry up, it was considered to be the fourth biggest lake in the world by area after the Caspian Sea, Lake Superior (North America), and Lake Victoria (Africa). The degradation of the Aral Sea began in the 1960s when larger portions of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya were diverted for irrigation and to provide for the household needs of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan. As a result, the sea significantly withdrew from its shores and exposed the seabed, which was covered in sea salts contaminated by pesticides and other chemicals [1,2].

In today’s day and age, desertification is one of the world’s most serious problems. Desertification bears unexpected and undesirable consequences for mankind. The increasing land degradation accelerates the lowering of agricultural yields, which will eventually lead to the impoverishment of the local population and will cause people to migrate from their homes. For this reason, desertification is one of the most worrisome problems facing mankind today. The mitigation of the consequences of desertification can only be done by the application of large-scale action on the national and international levels with the participation of private investors.

The article presents the establishment, destruction, the number of days with stable snow cover and spatio-temporal changes of snow water equivalent and its statistical characteristics in the Nura-Sarysu water management basin. The main purpose of the research is to study the dynamics of changes in snow water equivalent, since snow plays an important role in climatic, hydrological and glaciological processes, and is also a powerful climatic factor. For this purpose, in research work used data from 14 meteorological stations of the state observation network of RSE "Kazhydromet", located in the water management basin for the period 1971-2019. The analysis was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics: by comparing the average long-term values for two successive periods: base - 1971-1995 and modern - 1996-2019; to determine the trend of change were used the methods of linear approximation of time series and the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test. As a result of the study, it was revealed that a stable snow cover in the basin is established in late October, early November, and complete destruction occurs in the first decades of April. The number of days with snow cover averages 128 days. It has been established that the establishment and destruction of a stable snow cover, the number of days have a zonal pattern. It was also determined that the snow water equivalent in the basin range from 28.3 mm (Akadyr) to 118.5 mm (Kyzyltu), and the long-term average for area value is 64.0 mm. Snow water equivalent for the basin for the period 1971-2019 for every 10 years there is a statistically insignificant increase of 0.96 mm. A statistically significant increase is observed only at the Aksu-Aiuly station (10.3 mm/10 years), while a decrease is observed at the Karaganda SH station (6.2 mm/10 years). 

The problem of effective use of irrigated land in the arid areas of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River is of great importance, since most of all crops grown in the country are concentrated in this region, the total area of agricultural land exceeds 170 thousand hectares (used). Mineralization of water of the Syrdarya River, the current soil-reclamation state of irrigated lands located in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River is very poor. Soil salinity and salinity of collector-drainage water are very high. The average annual salinity of river water at the Tomenaryk gauging station is 2.0-2.5 g/l, and at the Kazaly gauging station - 3.0-3.5 g/l. And the process of soil salinization took place practically on the whole territory of the region. According to recent data, the area of saline irrigated lands in Kyzylorda province is about 225,9 thousand ha, of them slightly saline - 87,6 thousand ha, medium saline - 73,3 thousand ha, strongly and very strongly saline - 65,1 thousand ha. Kyzylorda region is mainly engaged in growing rice (as well as alfalfa, corn for silage, sunflower, etc.). Taking this into account, secondary salinization was observed on rice fields due to poor work of collector-drainage systems.

Taking into account all these problems, that the work done in the article is very relevant and more effective.

Human industrial activity, mining, urbanization and underdeveloped technical infrastructure have influenced the soil cover all over the world for centuries. The article discusses the current problems of agricultural land degradation.

Emissions and wastes of industrial enterprises (metallurgy, mechanical engineering, power engineering, mining), agrochemicals (mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides) are the main pollutants of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, soils and plants with harmful substances in amounts exceeding sanitary and hygienic standards (MPC, ODK, DOC, etc.). Great ecological damage is also caused by motor transport, dumps and others. The importance of this problem for the production and processing of agricultural products is that the accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated crops can cause contamination of food. Therefore, protection of the environment and food chain from heavy metal contamination is an urgent environmental problem.

The purpose of this article is a detailed study of the concepts of sustainable land use on the example of agricultural land in the Turkestan region, the terminological apparatus is analyzed and the principles of sustainable land use are considered. The article analyzes the factors affecting the sustainability of land use, as well as an analysis of changes in the areas of agricultural land from 1991 to 2021, it was found that their area has sharply decreased, and the area of reserve lands has significantly increased. Compliance with the principles of sustainable land use is a key factor in increasing the competitiveness of agriculture. In the study of this issue, a system-analytical method was used to reveal the essence of sustainable land use as a complex abstract-material system, as well as a statistical analysis method to visualize the dynamics of the main indicators of agriculture in the region and the state of agricultural land use. This article is interdisciplinary in nature, written at the intersection of agrarian economics and land management, as the results show that the effectiveness of sustainable land use leads to an increase in agricultural productivity. Results - the basic concepts and principles of sustainable land use were analyzed, the dynamics of the use of agricultural land in the Turkestan region was analyzed, and the role of state support in the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex was revealed. The authors come to the conclusion that the implementation of sustainable land use, taking into account environmental factors through a comprehensive solution to the problems of rational land use, is possible through the optimization of land use.

Due to climate change, in recent years, the average daily atmospheric air temperatures have increased significantly in the spring and summer months, and forecasts indicate their further increase. At the same time, an increase in the body temperature of animals causes changes at the cellular and systemic level, which reduce the intensity of metabolic and production processes associated with the release of heat in the short and long term (homeoretical adaptation). The researches of foreign scientists have proved that the costs of cooling in the summer and heating in the winter periods of the year of livestock premises, as a rule, are significantly lower than the losses caused by a variety of negative consequences in terms of physiological and behavioral disorders and significant losses in the production of milk productivity and overexpenditure of feed. Therefore, the creation of a system that will provide optimal conditions for improving the maintenance of cattle (cattle) with minimal energy consumption in the technological processes of forming a regulatory microclimate in livestock premises is relevant.

The article considers a variant of the microclimate formation in livestock premises in the conditions of cattle cultivation in small and medium-sized peasant and farm farms of the republic. The proposed design of the cooling and heating system for agricultural facilities reduces the thermal power and electricity consumption to create a normalized microclimate in livestock premises by increasing the efficiency of the chiller-fancoil reversible heat pump system integrated with renewable energy sources, which provides the required technological effect with minimal energy consumption.

As the aft mass moves along the circular section of the deflector, a friction force arises due to centrifugal force. A differential equation has been drawn up for the movement of the feed along this section and an analytical expression has been obtained for determining the speed of the aft mass at the outlet from the deflector. When the feed moves along the circular section of the deflector, the speed decreases by 2.47 times.

The process of movement of the aft mass after exit from the deflector in a horizontal direction is considered. An analytical expression for determining the range of flight of a mass before reducing its speed to the speed of vital of stem feeds is obtained. Taking into account the physical-mechanical properties of the corn stem, calculations were made to determine the range of the crushed stems.

The required distance of the mass range in the horizontal direction has been determined within 12.0... 13.0 m. The distance obtained corresponds to the exhaust velocities of the aft mass from the deflector of 14... 16 m/s. These required values of the feed exit rate from the deflector correspond to the optimal values of the circumferential speed of the knife and blade having within 35... 40 m/s. These definite values as a result of theoretical research correspond to the working speeds of the knife of modern forage harvesters, which proves the validity of theoretical research.

The article presents the results of long‒term (2020-2022) studies of 5 introduced (Noyabrskaya, Exhibition, Bere Ligel, Bere Bosk, Red Anzhou) and 6 (Aidan, Zhazdyk, Fragrant, Bostandyk, Nagima, Talgarskaya Krasavitsa) domestic pear varieties of medium and late ripening in the soil and climatic conditions of the Almaty region. The assessment of winter hardiness, adaptability, average and maximum yield was carried out and a tasting assessment of pear varieties in consumer maturity was given. The best varieties have been identified as sources of the main economically valuable traits: fertility, disease resistance, large-fruiting, attractiveness of appearance, high taste qualities of fruits, yield for further breeding work. The highest yields were marked by varieties of Kazakh selection Aromatic, Zhazdyk, Talgar beauty and Moldavian pear variety Noyabrskaya. The introduced varieties Vystavochnaya, Bere Ligel and the domestic summer variety Zhazdyk showed excellent taste qualities. Good adaptability to local conditions was noted in the varieties Noyabrskaya, Exhibition, Aidan, Bostandyk, Fragrant. The selected varieties are of practical value for horticulture in the Almaty region and their use as donor varieties of economically valuable traits in breeding is also recommended for household cultivation. The article was prepared with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of NTP BR10765032 "Creation of varieties and hybrids of fruit, nut crops and grapes based on the achievements of bio- and IT-technologies"

In the course of research work, a technology for the production of smoothies "Cleansing", "Diuretic", "Choleretic", "Soothing" and "Toning" based on melon fruits with enriching additives of plant origin has been developed. When developing a smoothie recipe based on melon fruits, special attention was paid to organoleptic parameters, and the selection of components was determined based on the functional orientation of smoothies (cleansing, diuretic, choleretic, soothing and toning) using enriching additives of plant origin. During the production of smoothies, the main raw materials and enriching additives of vegetable origin are loaded into a stainless steel mixing tank and thoroughly mixed to a homogeneous mass on homogenizers P = 15-17 MPa. After homogenization, smoothies are poured into bags made of multilayer polyethylene film and frozen in freezers at a temperature of – 30 ÷– 40°C for an hour. Homogenized smoothies are subjected to deaeration in pasteurizer deaerators at a temperature t = 35-40°C before bottling with and pressure P_res. = 6-8 kPa for 10 min, in vacuum apparatuses at a temperature t = 45-50°C with and pressure P_res. = 11-17 kPa for 10 minutes and heating to a temperature t = 70-80°C.  Smoothies are bottled in tetrapackets with a mass capacity of up to 500 ml and capped. After freezing, smoothies in bags made of multilayer polyethylene film are served in cold rooms, where they can be stored at a temperature of – 18°C for 12 months. Storage of smoothies in tetrapackets is carried out at a temperature of 0-15°C for 12 months. The use of the developed technology of smoothies based on melon fruits with enriching additives of plant origin makes it possible to expand the range of dietary products of functional orientation.