Vol. 28 No. 2 (110) (2026): Research, results

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to improve feed production efficiency under arid climatic conditions and limited natural resources, which is particularly important for livestock farming in the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the most promising approaches to solving this problem is the implementation of automated hydroponic systems for producing complete green fodder, enabling year-round production of highly nutritious biomass with minimal water and land consumption. The aim of this study is to develop and scientifically substantiate a combined automated system for hydroponic complete feed production based on a sapropel-derived bioactive medium using artificial intelligence algorithms for predictive control of cultivation parameters. The study employed engineering design methods, mathematical modeling of ultraviolet water disinfection and lighting processes, and experimental evaluation of sapropel concentration effects on hydroponic green fodder productivity. A container-based automated production unit with a capacity of up to 500 kg/day was developed, equipped with an intelligent monitoring and control system for microclimate, lighting, irrigation, and nutrient medium parameters. It was established that the optimal sapropel concentration in the nutrient solution is 2.0 %, at which the maximum hydroponic biomass yield of 29.8 kg/m² is achieved, exceeding control values by 35.4 %. The optimal photosynthetic photon flux density was determined to be 300 μmol/m²·s. Implementation of predictive artificial intelligence algorithms reduced water consumption by 31.2 % and energy consumption by 28.7 %. The developed system reduces feed production costs by 30–40 % and can be recommended for industrial implementation in arid regions.

The results of experiments conducted to study the fertility of queens have shown that, depending on the class affiliation, the yield of lambs per 100 surrounding queens ranges from 111-105.4%. It should be noted that the largest number of lambs was obtained from queens of the selected elite group (111%), which is 5.6% higher than the number of lambs obtained from queens of the first class. A varietal analysis of the passport runes showed that with a decrease (coarsening) of the wool tone, the specific weight of the based variety decreases: the yield of the latter in the runes of sheep of 56-50 qualities was 73.9%, in the runes of 48 qualities - 69.8%. Breeding groups of sheep of the desired type with a live weight of 55 ± 0.13 kg, with a shorn coat of 2.4 kg.

In the process of breeding the breed's population, an array of animals adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of the regions has been developed, with good productive qualities, and further breeding of animals of this breed is aimed at improving competitive productivity indicators (meat and dairy productivity, which is gaining importance). without deterioration of the quality characteristics of wool. In general, the fecundity of the wool-meat "Kazakh type" of Qigai sheep is at the level of other wool-meat semi-fine sheep breeds.

The article presents the results of a study on the live weight of Kazakh Bactrian and Turkmen Dromedary camel breeds at the ages of 3 days, 6, 18, and 42 months, raised at the "Daulet-Beket" LLP farm in the Ile district of the Almaty region. The study analyzes the live weight indicators of camel offspring based on age and sex, describes their weight gain patterns, and determines their compliance with the standard requirements for camel breeds raised in Kazakhstan. It was established that the primary growth process of the live weight of Kazakh Bactrian and Turkmen Dromedary camel calves reaches its peak intensity during the period up to six months of age. Subsequently, further weight gain is shaped by changes in body conformation, physiological adaptation to the natural environment, and other biological characteristics inherent to the species. In the south-eastern region of Kazakhstan, the birth weight of one-day-old Kazakh Bactrian calves was 39.7 kg for females and 42.1 kg for males, while for Turkmen Dromedary calves, the weights were 37.5 kg and 44.7 kg, respectively. By six months of age, the live weight of Turkmen Dromedary calves reached 187.7 kg for females and 202.2 kg for males, whereas for Kazakh Bactrian calves, the weights were 184.5 kg and 192.6 kg, respectively. While the difference in live weight persisted among eighteen-month-old young camels, no significant differences were observed in camel offspring aged thirty and forty-two months.

Issues related to buckwheat grain quality are often linked to the biological characteristics of this crop and deviations from standard agricultural practices. In conducting the planned research, the following objectives were set: to study the physical, culinary, and nutritional characteristics and properties of buckwheat grain samples in a competitive variety trial; to determine the parameters that restrict and limit the production of high-quality grain, in accordance with the requirements of approved GOST stan dards; to identify the best-quality forms of the crop for use in practical breeding and to supplement existing varieties. Materials and Methods. This article presents the main results of a long-term evaluation of grain pro ductivity, processing properties, and culinary indicators of buckwheat grain raw materials, conducted during the competitive variety testing phase. The structural elements determining the productivity of the tested sam ples were identified. Processing and biochemical parameters were determined in an accredited grain quality assessment laboratory. Results and Discussion. The evaluation of the listed traits was conducted from 2022 to 2024 under varying moisture and temperature conditions. During the evaluation of the test material, samples were identified that were significant in terms of crop structure parameters. Based on the results of technolog ical and biochemical grain quality assessments, high-yielding buckwheat lines with an optimal balance of physical, culinary, and nutritional characteristics and grain properties were identified. Line P149-92, selected based on a comprehensive set of quality traits, has been prepared for submission to the State Variety Testing Program. Conclusions. The variety’s potential can be realized only with high-quality seeds. The problem of improving grain quality can be solved through breeding—the creation of promising varieties—using appro priate agronomic practices.

This study examines the ways of agroecological zoning of agricultural lands in Northern Kazakhstan and their ecological and economic optimization. The scientific work was carried out within the framework of the BR24993222 program and was based on the concept of sustainable development of the territory. The study used Sentinel-2 satellite images, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and PLI (Prairie Landscape Inventory) indexes, GIS (geographic information system) technologies and cartographic analysis methods.

Changes in the structure of arable lands, climatic factors, and land degradation (especially a decrease in humus) are analyzed and trends in the redistribution of agricultural land. There is a growing importance of oilseeds, which is associated with their climatic inclinations and export potential.

It is shown that for effective planning of agricultural space it is necessary to comprehensively take into account natural, economic and social factors. The results of the study make it possible to develop practical recommendations aimed at ensuring the spatial organization of agricultural landscapes and the sustainability of the agricultural sector.

The article presents the results of an ecological evaluation of foreign potato accessions under the soil and climatic conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan in a nursery of ecological variety testing. The research was carried out in open field conditions using a four-replication experimental design. A total of 38 accessions of foreign breeding were studied, including 16 from South Korea (Wangan Seed Company), 13 from the Russian Federation (Federal Scientific Center of Potato named after A.G. Lorkh), and 9 from the People’s Republic of China (Northwest University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province). The evaluation was conducted based on a complex of morphological, agronomic, and marketable traits. It was established that the yield of foreign accessions in the conditions of the region ranged from 46.2 to 56.3 t/ha, while the standard varieties showed the following yields: Aksor – 46.0 t/ha, Tokhtar – 55.6 t/ha, Miras – 50.1 t/ha, which indicates significant variability in adaptive properties and production potential of the studied gene pool.

The most promising were the Korean accession Teguan 181 (A6), characterized by high tuber marketability (up to 58.8%) with a yield of 48.0 t/ha, the Russian accession 18-10-4 with the maximum yield of 56.3 t/ha, and the Chinese accession XS 8, combining a yield of 50.5 t/ha with high quality tuber traits.

The selected accessions are planned to be further studied for genetic resistance to the main viral diseases распространённые in Kazakhstan. Accessions combining high genetic resistance and a complex of economically valuable traits will be transferred to state variety testing for subsequent use in breeding and development of new potato varieties.

The Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) is a major wheat producer and ranks third in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) market in terms of grain and flour production. In the future, Kazakhstan may occupy more than 10 million tons of grain equivalent (wheat, flour, and deeply processed wheat products) in the wheat market in Central Asia, Afghanistan, and the EU.  In this regard, great importance is attached to wheat varieties that meet the ever-increasing demands of agricultural production.

The study focused on the spring soft wheat varieties Tabys 60 and Bolashak, which have been approved for production in the Almaty and Zhetysu regions of Kazakhstan, as well as promising constant lines of this crop from the competitive variety testing nursery (KSI). The research was conducted using methods from domestic and foreign sources.

 The objective of this research was to identify sources of economically valuable traits and biological properties, as well as promising lines for breeding, and to develop high-yielding, high-quality spring soft wheat varieties that are resistant to adverse factors and adapted to the specific environmental conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). As a result of achieving this goal, over the past decade, breeders at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (KazNIIZiR) have developed approximately 8 varieties of spring soft wheat for various regions of Kazakhstan. Among them, in 2019 and 2023, by decision of the State Commission of the RK on Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops, spring soft wheat varieties such as Tabys 60 and Bolashak were approved for use in production in the southeastern region of the RK. New sources of valuable traits and characteristics have been identified as parental pairs for hybridization, as well as promising lines that are candidates for future new varieties of spring soft wheat.

The article presents the results of a long-term assessment of the effects of climatic factors
on phenological adaptation, yield structure formation, and productivity of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus
L.) genotypes under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, characterized by high interannual variability
of the hydrothermal regime. The aim of the study was to identify patterns of yield potential realization and
adaptive responses of rapeseed plants depending on temperature conditions and moisture availability during
the growing season, as well as to determine promising genotypes for breeding purposes. It was established
that weather conditions have a significant impact on the progression of phenological stages, yield structure
components, and overall productivity. The most environmentally sensitive trait was seed weight per plant,
with the coefficient of variation reaching up to 55% in certain years, indicating high phenotypic plasticity. In
contrast, thousand-seed weight showed relative stability (V < 12 %), confirming its predominantly genetic
determination and breeding value as a stable component of yield. Average yield varied widely among years,
ranging from 11.7 to 81.7 c/ha, reflecting a pronounced genotype × environment interaction. Correlation
analysis revealed strong positive relationships between yield and indices of stability and stress tolerance (r =
0.70–0.74), confirming their high informativeness for assessing the adaptive potential of breeding material. As
a result, the genotypes NPSR0607, Mirko, Hidalgo, Ordezh, and Krasnodarsky-3 were identified as combining
high ecological plasticity, resistance to abiotic stresses, and stable yield formation under contrasting climatic
conditions. The obtained results are of considerable scientific and practical importance and can be used to
improve methodological approaches in spring rapeseed breeding aimed at enhancing adaptability and yield
stability under ongoing climate change and increasing aridization of agroecosystems in Northern Kazakhstan.

Introduction. The preservation and study of cotton genetic resources are fundamental for ensuring the stability of the textile industry under global climate change. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the diversification of the cotton gene pool is a strategic task for breeding programs aimed at drought resistance and fiber quality.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the adaptive potential, productivity, and fiber technological characteristics of 180 foreign and domestic cotton accessions in the arid conditions of the Turkestan region.
Methods. The research was conducted in 2024–2025 at the "AES of Cotton and Melon Growing" (Plot 44). The assessment followed the State Variety Testing methodology (2015) and Simongulyan’s selection principles. The collection included 50 newly introduced samples (primarily from Turkey) and 130 domestic and world accessions.

Results. Field trials in 2025, characterized by extreme thermal stress (4.3–5.6 °C above normal), identified high-potential genotypes. Among the introduced samples, lines T-104 and T-88 demonstrated superior fiber outturn (40.7–41.2%). In the domestic collection, the PA-4 line reached a record productivity of 52.0 c/ha, exceeding the M-4005 standard by 47%. Additionally, ultra-early maturing lines (104–115 days), such as K-349, were identified as crucial donors for northern cotton-growing zones.

Conclusion. The study confirmed the high efficiency of using Turkish and domestic genetic resources to enhance regional breeding programs. The identified donors of high yield and fiber quality are recommended for integration into hybridization programs to develop climate-resilient cotton varieties.

Introduction. In the desert and semi-desert regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, saxaul (Haloxylon spp.) forests play a key role in maintaining ecosystem stability. They perform important ecological functions, including stabilization of sandy and saline soils, prevention of wind erosion, reduction of soil degradation, and regulation of microclimatic conditions in arid environments. Currently, assessing the condition of saxaul forests, analyzing their growth across age groups, and evaluating natural regeneration are among the most pressing research priorities. The aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate growth dynamics of saxaul forests the South Balkhash region, including age-related development and natural regeneration. The relevance of the study is обусловлена необходимостью determined by the need for a comprehensive assessment of saxaul forest conditions and identification of degradation factors. Materials and Methods. The study involved a comprehensive analysis of growth patterns, age dynamics, and natural regeneration of saxaul forests. Classical forest inventory methods were combined with specialized ecological and microclimatic measurements. The research followed established forest management guidelines for saxaul ecosystems. Results and Discussion. Geographic information system technologies were applied to assess growth patterns. Morphometric parameters and biomass of saxaul trees aged 5–30 years were analyzed in relation to climate, soil properties, and moisture availability. The findings show that in early development stages, saxaul allocates resources primarily to root system formation, ensuring drought resistance. Conclusion. Growth rates, age structure and biometric characteristics were determined. Maximum biomass accumulation occurs at 15–25 years. Microclimatic conditions under the saxaul canopy differ significantly from open areas.

Introduction. The conservation, restoration, and efficient use of forest resources are currently pressing issues. Schrenk's spruce plays an important ecological role, regeneration is slow, necessitating the development of artificial propagation methods. Experimental studies were conducted in the Ile-Alatau State National Nature Park. Schrenk's spruce cuttings as test subjects. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted in the Ile-Alatau State National Nature Park. The study subjects were Schrenck spruce cuttings and growth stimulants. Each experimental setup included 50 cuttings, and the experiment was repeated three times. The lower parts of the cuttings were treated by immersing them in aqueous solutions of growth stimulants of varying concentrations for a specified period of time. Results. A two-layer substrate was used during the experiment, and all stages of the work were planned in advance. The results were comprehensively analyzed. It was found that the rooting rates of Schrenki fir cuttings depend on the concentration of the growth stimulants used. Treatment of cuttings with growth stimulant solutions was shown to significantly increase their rooting ability. Discussion. The results obtained in the experimental variants were subjected to comparative analysis. The growth stimulants used demonstrated stability across all replicates. The methods used for their application confirmed their effectiveness. As a result of the study, seedlings grown using the growth stimulants were transferred to the relevant production organizations. Conclusion. The research revealed effective methods for propagating Schrenck's spruce by cuttings in the Ile-Alatau State National Nature Park, it was found that treating the lower parts of the cuttings.

Introduction. Nature reserves cover about one-tenth of the country’s territory. Access to some of them is restricted; however, popular sites experience intensive pressure due to unregulated tourism, which negatively affects ecosystems. Materials and methods.  The article presents the results of hydrochemical and toxicological studies of the main lakes of the Burabay SNNP: Kishi Shabakty, Ulken Shabakty, Burabay, Shortandy, Tekekol, Katarkol and Zhukey, located in the territories of specially protected Shchuchinsk-Borovsk resort zone, carried out in the spring-winter period of 2024. The purpose of this the work included an assessment of the ecological state of the reservoirs of the main lakes of the Burabay GNPP according to hydrochemical and toxicological indicators. The surveyed water bodies have a satisfactory gas regime. Results and discussion. Organic substances in these water bodies are distributed relatively evenly and have indicators higher than the average standards for pond fish farms, which is inextricably linked with the flowering of lakes. According to the data obtained, the concentration of heavy metals in seven lakes during the four seasons of the study is low. Elements such as zinc, nickel, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium and manganese are found in the water in minimal quantities, and do not exceed the quality standards for fisheries. Conclusions. All studied elements are distributed throughout the water area of the water body as a whole uniformly and have a certain stability in terms of all studied points, where seasonal dynamics does not have large changes in the indicators of the studied metals.

This study presents long-term research conducted at the Zhanibek Experimental Station on selecting promising tree and shrub species for landscaping arid regions of Western Kazakhstan. The aim was to identify species resistant to extreme soil and climatic conditions, including solonetz and ameliorated solonetz soils, and to evaluate their viability, growth, and longevity. The methodology included observations of plant morphology, survival rates after planting, growth dynamics, resistance to abiotic stresses, and adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Special attention was given to comparing native and introduced species to determine optimal combinations for sustainable landscaping. The most resilient tree species identified were pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), white poplar (Populus alba), wild apple (Malus sylvestris), Tatar maple (Acer tataricum), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), silver birch (Betula pendula), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and common pear (Pyrus communis). Among shrubs, the most устойчивые species included Tatar honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), golden currant (Ribes aureum), narrow-leaved sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides var. angustifolia), multi-branched broom (Cytisus multiflorus), and yellow locust (Robinia pseudoacacia var. flava). Results showed that Siberian elm and Tatar maple performed best on solonetz soils, while steppe xerophytes were more effective on ameliorated soils. Key adaptation mechanisms include extensive root systems, water balance regulation, osmotic adjustment, and synthesis of protective compounds. The findings demonstrate that combining native and introduced species enhances plantation resilience, improves microclimate, and supports effective ecological and urban greening in arid regions.

The study conducted a morphological and comparative study of woody plants with a focus on Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphometric and qualitative characteristics of this species at an early stage of ontogenesis and to identify its differences from common deciduous tree species in temperate zones - Populus tremula, Betula pendula, and Quercus robur. The study was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. The parameters of shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and leaf blade area were analysed, as well as qualitative morphological characteristics of above-ground organs. It has been established that Paulownia tomentosa at the age of 6 months significantly surpasses comparative species in terms of key morphometric indicators, characterised by intensive growth, large leaf size and pronounced development of above-ground organs. The morphological characteristics identified confirm the high growth and adaptation potential of this species in the early stages of development. The results obtained indicate the promise of Paulownia tomentosa for introduction, further morphological and biological research, and practical use in forestry and landscaping.

The article addresses issues related to the assessment of natural and climatic resources of agricultural land within administrative territories. The relevance of the study lies in the analysis of territorial zoning of agricultural agrolandscapes based on consideration of the agro-resource potential of landscape components. Using Akmola Region as a case study, zoning was carried out according to the level of bioclimatic and soil factors. Based on the identified patterns of agrolandscape organization of the territory, improvements to the methodology of agrolandscape land-use planning for arable land areas of agricultural enterprises are proposed. The methodology is based on territorial micro-zoning and was tested on a specific study site during experimental design, with its environmental and economic efficiency of the project results substantiated.

An analysis of the resources of this area is presented, and the environmental sustainability of the agrolandscape is determined, with erosion processes being an important component. Maps characterizing the landscape and environmental features of the area have been developed and serve as a basis for territorial zoning: a landscape hypothesis map identifying elementary natural–territorial complexes, a map of the environmental sustainability of the territory, and a map of functional zoning of the area. The principles of agrorelief planning are substantiated, including the integration of morphological structural units of the landscape into land types unified by environmental condition and suitability of use, with the implementation of appropriate measures for each ecological–landscape group. An experimental project has been developed, within which territorial organization was carried out using the example of economic entities of agricultural specialization in the steppe zone on an ecological–landscape basis. A methodology for territorial zoning of agrolandscapes has been developed, the distinctive feature of which is its adaptation to the landscape and environmental conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. 

In industrial poultry farming, improving the accuracy, objectivity, and reproducibility of egg quality control is a pressing issue, as traditional grading methods, based primarily on product weight, do not take into account a range of morphological and physical characteristics, such as shape, volume, and density. This leads to reduced classification reliability, especially in the boundary zones of categories, and limits the capabilities of process control, negatively impacting the efficiency of subsequent production processes. This study utilized non-destructive testing methods, including weight measurement, machine vision systems, and digital image processing algorithms to determine egg geometric parameters. Based on the obtained data, volume and density indicators were additionally calculated, allowing for expanded quality assessment criteria. Fuzzy logic algorithms were used for classification, accounting for measurement uncertainty and biological sample variability. Experimental studies were conducted on a sample of 760 eggs of various categories. It was found that the developed system ensures stable operation in continuous mode with a throughput of up to 3,600 eggs per hour while maintaining the required measurement accuracy. The use of fuzzy logic increased sorting accuracy to 95.7 %, a 15-20 % increase over traditional methods. It was shown that taking geometric parameters into account allows for the detection of shape and density deviations not detected by standard weight sorting. These results confirm the effectiveness of the multi-criteria intelligent approach and can be used in the development of automated systems for process control and egg sorting, as well as adapted for other types of agricultural products in real-world production conditions.

Introduction. Ensuring reliable and efficient operation of electric power systems is one of the key tasks of modern energy. Of particular importance is the consideration of climatic factors, in particular the ambient temperature, which has a significant impact on the electrical parameters of overhead power lines. A change in temperature leads to a change in the active resistance of the conductors, which, in turn, affects power losses, voltage, and operating modes of electrical networks. Materials and methods. The paper uses computational and analytical methods and the RastrWin 3.0 software package for modeling electrical network modes. The object of the study is a section of the 110 kV Korgalzhyn – Krasnoznamenka electric grid. The calculations were carried out taking into account changes in ambient temperature in the range from -60°C to +60°C. The line parameters were determined based on reference data, followed by the calculation of active resistance, reactance and conductivity. Results and discussion. It has been found that an increase in ambient temperature leads to an increase in the active resistance of the conductors and, as a result, to an increase in power losses. The maximum losses are observed at a temperature of +60 °C and reach 3.95%. When the temperature drops to -60°C, the resistance of the conductors decreases, and the power loss decreases to 2.61%. It was also revealed that the temperature factor affects the magnitude of the voltage drop and the load on the network elements. Conclusions. The results of the study confirm the need to take into account real temperature conditions when calculating the modes of electrical networks. The use of temperature-dependent models makes it possible to improve the accuracy of calculations, reduce power losses, and improve the reliability of power systems. 

Introduction. When cultivating crops, plowing the soil with dump plows is the main technological operation. The disadvantages are low productivity, high energy consumption and uneven field surface. Materials and methods. The plows are equipped with cultured dumps with an elongated wing, cutting off a rectangular layer of soil. The guns have a high traction resistance and a low coefficient of travel. Theoretical studies have established the advantages of a diamond-shaped blade separating a diamond-shaped formation and a complete revolution without the impact of a blade wing. Results and discussion. The installation of a symmetrical diamond-shaped blade on rotary plows allows the unit to shuttle in two modes, provides smooth plowing, increases the utilization rate of the working stroke, productivity, reduces fuel consumption, reduces traction resistance and weight of the plow. Experimental studies have shown that a plough with diamond-shaped working bodies is not inferior to the usual one in terms of crumbling, degree and depth of embedding of plant residues on old arable soils, the combiness has decreased, and the flatness of the arable land surface has increased. The traction resistance of the diamond-shaped plough has decreased by 10% compared to the serial one. Conclusions.  Symmetrical, shortened diamond-shaped dumps have a crumbling degree of 77...80%, and changes in the speed of movement of the unit have little effect on the degree of soil crumbling. They can reduce the distances between the working bodies, the size of the plow, and increase productivity by up to 30%.

The article discusses the development and construction of a bench mine well designed for factory testing of a mobile mine well cleaning and disinfection unit. The relevance of the study is due to the need to increase the efficiency of operation of decentralized water supply sources subject to siltation and microbiological contamination. The purpose of the work is to create a test bench that allows reproducing the real operating conditions of mine wells and providing a comprehensive check of the functional and resource characteristics of the installation. The design of the bench well provides modeling of the main operational parameters, including geometry, depth, presence of bottom sediments and water inflow. Place of work: Almaty region, Enbekshikazakh district, Saimasay village. The project provides for the creation of an adjustable bench mine well with a depth of up to 30 m and a diameter of 1.0–1.2 m.the structure is implemented in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete rings or a monolithic structure with an internal casing. Engineering design, modeling of hydrogeological conditions and experimental tests were used as research methods. These approaches ensure that the object of the study is considered in conditions as close as possible to actual operation, and contribute to increasing the reliability of the results obtained. This, in turn, allows you to evaluate the efficiency of the installation in various modes. The paper describes the design features of the stand, the test procedure and the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the main components of the installation. Conducting tests on the developed stand makes it possible to identify the design flaws of the equipment, optimize its operating modes and increase the reliability of the system as a whole.