No. 2 (106) (2025): Research, results

In 2024, at the fish farm of IP "AK Balyk", combined technologies for growing young trout using pool and pool-cage methods were developed for the rational use of production areas and an increase in product yield per unit area. The data on hydrochemical indicators of the reservoir and pools were analyzed, their impact on the fish-farming and biological indicators of young trout was assessed, a comparative analysis of the obtained data on fish-farming and biological indicators, such as growth rate and survival, was carried out. Hydrochemical, fish-farming and ichthyological methods were used in the work. Growing young trout from a sample of 1 g took place in fry pools for 27 days. As a result of the work, the absolute increase in juveniles was 14.1 g, the average daily increase was 0.52 g. The survival rate of juveniles was 96%. When the weight reached 15.1 g, the young fish were divided and placed at the same stocking density in pool and cage conditions. The growing period was 30 days. The results of the work showed that the absolute and average daily growth of trout in the cage was higher than in the fish-breeding pool: 34.5 g and 1.15 g in the cage, versus 25 g and 0.83 g in the pool. The survival rate in both cases was 99%.

The higher growth in the cage may be due to the presence of a natural food base in the reservoir and additional nutrition of the trout due to eating insects that have fallen into the water.

The article presents material on the study of reproductive productivity of Kazakh fat-tailed sheep in the farms Tokan-1, Medkhan and Razakhun.  In November 2023, 950 ewes were cervically inseminated in three flocks with freshly obtained sperm from Kazakh black-tailed and foreign sheep. Sheep with natural sexual hunting were detected once a day in the morning from 6 to 7 o'clock with the help of sheep probes. Sperm from 11 main sheep was obtained using an artificial vagina.  Double cervical insemination was performed from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. and from 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. Out of a total of 950 inseminated ewes, 868 heads were conceived on time. A total of 914 lambs were born, or an average of 104 lambs per 100 embracing queens. The birth weight of half-blooded dorper and precos lambs in Tokan-1 farms averaged 4.7±0.17 (n=96) and 5.0±0.19 (n=95) kg; Medkhan half-blooded dorpers 4.3±0.21kg (n=44). The KX "Razakhun" of half–blooded Australian whites is 4.8±0.25 (n=195) kg, respectively. The live weight of mongrel lambs at birth was slightly lower than that of control purebred fat-tailed lambs by 0.6-0.7 kg. In general, the lambs obtained had a strong constitution without signs of weakening. The average live weight at birth of control lambs was 5.1±0.21 kg in: Tokan-1 farm; Medkhan farm 4.9±0.22 kg; Razakhun farm 5.4±0.18 kg, respectively. The results of the lambing of Kazakh fat-tailed rough-haired sheep fertilized with sperm from foreign sheep breeds of Australian white Dorper and precos KH"Tokan-1 "Medkhan" and "Razakhun" are characterized by good indicators.

Conducting a retrospective analysis of the taxonomic composition of the zoobenthos of the Alakol Lake system (2000-2023) is essential for identifying alterations or variations in community structural variables. A bibliographic method was used to study the dynamics of the taxonomic composition of the zoobenthos of the system over the past 25 years. Statistical methods (JASP) were used to assess the similarity of the taxonomic composition of zoobenthos in different years of research. After combining archival and published data with the latest data (2000-2023), the number of taxa in Lake Alakol was 192, in Lake Sasykkol – 80, in Lake Koshkarkol – 60. According to the results of the comparative analysis, over the past ten years (2013-2023) there was a tendency towards an increase in the number of taxa of the benthic fauna of lake Sasyk-Kol compared to the first decade of the 21st century (2000-2012). However, in the lakes Alakol and Koshkar-Kol, a decrease in the species richness of zoobenthos was observed. Zoobenthos communities in the lake system were unique in terms of taxonomic composition, with low similarity. These changes in the taxonomic composition and number of benthic fauna taxa occurred due to the absence or presence in the community of temporary inhabitants of bottom communities that fly out of lakes when the next generation appears.

One of the effective and cost-effective methods of obtaining embryos of highly valuable breeding animals for subsequent transplantation to recipients is the production of embryos “in vitro”. The use of the method of in vitro fertilization of eggs is explained primarily by low costs, the possibility of extracting a large number of eggs without the use of expensive hormonal drugs and the lowest labor costs during its implementation, given that eggs from females can be obtained all year round and throughout the life of the animal. The basis is the presence in the female sex glands of hundreds of thousands of sex cells, representing a huge genetic reserve that is not used due to the obstacles that arise with bearing young. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficiency of obtaining sexed embryos of dairy cattle using the in vitro method. During the experimental work, 11 morphologically complete embryos were obtained and transplanted. The percentage of fertilization was 36.3%. According to our results, the ratio of the desired sex in the 4 transplant calves was 25 versus 75% or 1 bull and 3 heifers.

The studies were carried out in accordance with the methodology of experimental work adopted in biotechnology with the processing of materials using the Microsoft Excel software package. The experiments and the methodology used to conduct studies on laboratory animals comply with the requirements of biological safety and the ethical principles of experimentation on animals set out in the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Starsburg, 1987).

The growing anthropogenic load on natural populations of aquatic organisms often leads to negative changes in their structure, a decrease in numbers, and sometimes even to complete extinction. The current situation with representatives of the sturgeon order is very indicative. Having a wide distribution area, these fish have lost commercial importance in many places of their traditional habitat. This can be explained by changes in the hydrological regime due to the regulation of most rivers and a sharp reduction in the areas of natural spawning grounds. Therefore, the issue of forming replacement broodstocks for the purpose of reproduction for stocking is very acute. Among the species of native sturgeon, sterlet attracts attention with a number of economic and biological features, such as precocity and residential lifestyle. Sterlet originally lived in Kazakhstani rivers, and the restoration of its populations will be quite organic in terms of restoring the original ichthyocenoses. In this regard, work is carried out in the conditions of the State Enterprise "Ural-Atyrau Sturgeon Fish Hatchery". In the conditions of the Republican State Enterprise “Ural-Atyrau Sturgeon Fish Hatchery”, the wintering and spring assessment of the sterlet replacement broodstock, the spawning campaign were analyzed, the domestication of sterlet producers was carried out, their condition was assessed according to fish-breeding biological indicators, and the conditions for keeping the sterlet replacement broodstock in acute respiratory conditions were analyzed. 

The article presents the results of an analysis of the herbage of natural pastures and sets the time frame for feeding young beef cattle of the Auliekolsky breed during their burnout and impoverishment. Many elements of the technology for extending the pasture keeping of young specialized beef cattle have not yet been sufficiently clarified. An analysis in an available publication in this direction shows that the opinions of scientists are contradictory, and this is understandable since research in our country has not been conducted on the repair of young beef cattle.  An increase in the extension of the term of pasture keeping of steers of the experimental group contributes to the reduction of mixed-grain hay up to 150 kg, mixed-grass hay up to 60 kg and concentrates up to 7.5 kg against the control group. At the same time, the economic effect in monetary terms is 12494.5 tenge per 15 days per 1 head. Extending the pasture period of the repair of young animals by creating autumn and spring pastures from annual crops of the summer sowing period and from the cultivation of perennial grasses provided savings in winter ration feed, also reduces the total cost of together spent feed by 7-9% and labor costs by 5-8%.

In the course of scientific and economic experiments, it was found that when feeding dairy cows with dry ground feed mixtures, the digestibility of nutrients in the diet increases. With the exception of fiber, the highest digestibility coefficients were found when using a complete dry crushed feed mixture. Feeding dry crushed feed mixture and premix had a positive effect on the fat content of milk, which increased by an average of 0, 06%. Although the urea content is higher than normal, it decreased by 9, 6 mg/% in the experimental group, which indicates a more active work of the scar microflora. In cows that received a dry, crushed feed mixture as part of their diets, a decrease in milk yields was not noted to a significant extent than in the other groups. The difference with group I was 1,47 kg or 5,3% more, and with group II the difference was 1,1 kg or 5,7% more in favor of group III. Studies have shown that the use of grain crops in the milky-waxy ripeness phase for the preparation of dry crushed feed mixes makes it possible to increase the collection of energy feed units by 40% and the digestible protein per 1 hectare by 2 times compared with harvesting in full grain ripeness. Reduces feed costs for the production of products and increases the efficiency of milk production.

The article presents the results of a study on the formation of meat productivity in lambs of the Saryarka fat-tailed sheep breed raised at the "Zhenis" breeding farm. The authors emphasize that, in order to improve the early maturity and meat quality of this breed, the initial stage of the breeding program involved introductory crossbreeding using rams of the Edilbay breed. At the subsequent stage, rams of the Akkarabas intrabreed type of the Kazakh coarse-wooled fat-tailed breed were used.

This study presents the results of research on changes in the diameter of various types of muscle fibers in Saryarka fat-tailed sheep of the Zhanaarka intrabreed type at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis. The research aims to identify morphological features of muscle tissue growth and development, which determine the meat productivity of the animals. The analysis took into account age-related changes and sex differences. Special attention was paid to the comparative assessment of the diameter of red, intermediate, and white muscle fibers in key anatomical regions. The obtained data provide a deeper understanding of muscle mass development dynamics in this breed and serve as a foundation for improving breeding and genetic programs aimed at increasing meat productivity and carcass quality.

Biomaterial samples were taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle, which is the most significant in terms of meat yield. Histological processing and microscopic analysis were performed using standard methodologies, followed by digital data processing in Image, Past software.

Breeding and pedigree work on improvement of the Kushum breed of horses is carried out on the way of increase of pedigree and productive qualities. The farm carries out purposeful selection and selection on the complex of breeding traits, breeding of young stock with the use of elements of the cultural herd method of keeping, which ensures the development and consolidation of useful heredity in horses.

Determination of genetic characteristics, such as variability, heritability and repeatability, plays an important role in the development of breeding programs and prediction of breeding results. Genetic characteristics are also used in the construction of mathematical and probabilistic models of populations, which contributes to both theoretical research and practical applications. For the effective use of genetic-statistical methods in breeding, it is necessary for traits to have a high level of heritability, normal distribution, continuous variability and additive type of inheritance.

The results of the research showed that the live weight indicator most fully meets the above requirements. The highest variability was observed for live weight (2.75 in stallions, 9.67 in mares) and metacarpal girth (1.81 and 5.91, respectively). A high correlation was found between live weight and chest girth (0.329 in stallions, 0.337 in mares) and metacarpal girth (0.343 and 0.351).

The farm's horses are quite large: adult breeding stallions measure 158.4-161.2-189.5-21.0 cm and have a live weight of 542.6 kg, while adult mares measure 153.2 cm in height, 158.0 cm in oblique trunk length, 185.4 cm in chest girth, 19.3 cm in bony length, and 482.5 kg in live weight.

The article presents the results of analysis of field studies and literature sources, according to which 58.6% of species of the Zhetysu Alatau flora have economic significance. Petrophytes prevail among the representatives of ecological groups of plants. Among the economically important species, a large group consists of fodder plants (23.4%). More than 100 species are used in traditional and official medicine (8.7%), of which hypericum, yarrow, aconite, ziziphora, etc. are provided with industrial reserves. Ornamental species (10.5%) are represented by petrophytic and floodplain shrubs, species of tulip, adonis, rowan, saffron, snakehead, eremurus, peony. Honey plants (4.1%) occur in floodplain forests and meadows. Tannidaceous plants constitute 2% of useful plants. Poisonous plants (69 species) grow in areas of distant farmer lands and in natural forage grasslands. Weedy species (14.9% of the total flora) are widely represented in intermountain and river valleys, along livestock roads and in areas with signs of degradation. The obtained results can serve as a basis for creating an action plan for management, rational use and conservation of economically important species of Zhetysu Alatau flora.

The article explores the potential for increasing the productivity of vegetable crops while reducing environmental impact through the use of natural zeolites—specifically clinoptilolite from the Shankanay deposits (Kazakhstan)—as a base for modified fertilizers. A vegetative experiment on dark chestnut soil demonstrated that zeolite and modified zeolite fertilizer (MZF) positively influence the growth, productivity, and quality of tomatoes and beets. In tomatoes, zeolite increased shoot length to 48 cm, fruit weight to 64 g, and leaf area to 28.9 cm². MZF provided the highest leaf area (32.1 cm²) and elevated levels of dry matter (5.9%) and sugar (3.75%) while reducing nitrate content to 89 mg/kg. In beets, MZF increased root crop weight to 342 g, sugar content to 8.4%, and reduced nitrate content to 224 mg/kg. Zeolite and MZF also contributed to the reduction of heavy metals in plants. Zeolites slow nutrient leaching, extend fertilizer effectiveness, and enhance plant resistance to stress. MZF showed the greatest synergistic effect, ensuring optimal plant nutrition and ecological safety of the produce.

This research work monitored the spread and development of the particularly dangerous wheat disease pyrenophorosis (P. tritici-repentis) in 2024. During the research, varieties of spring soft and hard wheat from the northern regions of Kazakhstan (Akmola and Kostanay regions) were studied. According to the monitoring results, the prevalence and degree of wheat disease infestation in each region showed different results. As a result of research conducted in the Akmola region, it was established that most varieties of spring wheat are not resistant to pyrenophorosis (P. tritici-repentis). The prevalence of the pathogen ranged from 24% to 98%, and the development of the disease from 6.60% to 34.60%. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the least infected with the pathogen on wheat crops in the Akmola region was the Extensive variety, the pathogen incidence rate was 6.90%, and the disease prevalence rate was 24%. In addition, during the study of the spread and development of pyrenophorosis in the Kostanay region, it was established that the pathogen P. tritici-repentis causes significant damage to wheat crop areas. Spring wheat varieties Aina, Avgustina, Karabalykskaya 7 and Aiym showed a high level of pathogen spread: 88%, 76%, 74% and 82%. The disease development index was 6.60%, 10.80%, 8.60% and 22.00%. The varieties Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya, Khazret, Lamis, Kudesnitsa, which have shown high resistance (IT–R, 0%) to the pathogen P. tritici-repentis, are of great interest in the crop areas of the Kostanay region. According to the results of the study, all varieties of wheat sown in the Akmola region showed resistance to pyrenophorosis. In the Kostanay region, wheat varieties showed higher resistance to diseases than in the Akmola region. In the future, it is recommended to use all wheat varieties that are resistant to P. tritici-repentis in breeding programs.

Environmental pollution is increasingly occurring in human life and ecosystems. Here, natural resources such as water, soil, and air are polluted by the use of fossil fuels, mining development, waste incineration, and industrial wastewater spills. Heavy metals are the main sources of environmental pollution due to their toxicity, long life in the atmosphere, and the ability to accumulate in the human body through bioaccumulation.  Therefore, the identification and tracking of the main polluting factors is considered a very important issue.

The article was considered to study the content of pollutants in oil and gas development in the Makat District of Atyrau region, to analyze the distribution of oil residues in the soil, and to assess the impact on the ecosystem. It was also carried out to develop methods for the restoration and improvement of soil contaminated with oil waste, including various hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other chemical compounds.

 Soils at the studied points in the territory showed that among heavy metals, lead (Pb) was contaminated, it was proved that its content exceeds 4 times MPC at all depths. At the same time, the swamp was characterized by a high level of salinity, and the predominance of calcium-sodium and sulfate-chloride types of salts, it was found that the soil is highly carbonate.

The systematics and taxonomy of xerophilous aphid genera within the subtribe Aphidina—Protaphis Börner, 1940; Brachyunguis B. Das, 1918; and Xerobion Nevsky, 1928—remain a subject of considerable relevance, particularly in the context of Central Asia. Species of these genera are widely distributed in Kazakhstan, inhabiting clay, sandy, rocky, and saline deserts, as well as steppe and forest-steppe zones. The genus Xerobion is native to arid regions of the southern Palearctic and currently comprises 21 recognized species globally. Of these, 15 have been recorded in Kazakhstan. All known species are either narrow oligophages or monophages, typically found on plants of the families Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae, where they live openly on above-ground parts.

In 2022, multiple specimens of Xerobion hortobagyi (Szelegiewicz, 1978) were collected for the first time in Kazakhstan, on Seriphidium sublessingianum in the Syntas area of the northern slope of the Tarbagatai Range. Previously, this species was known only from the steppe regions of Slovakia and Hungary. A morphological description of X. hortobagyi is provided, along with notes on its bionomics, potential distribution, and newly compiled distribution maps.

In this article, samples of spring rapeseed of different ecological and geographical origin are studied. The variety samples were compared with the standard variety of the local Maikudyk breeding. The research was carried out at the capacity base of the Limited Liability Partnership: Scientific and Production Center of Grain Economy named after A.I. Baraev. Sowing was carried out in a hospital assigned to the laboratory of breeding of legumes and oilseeds, using pure steam, according to the methods developed at the VIR and the A.I. Baraev NPTSH. The article examines the reaction to drought and excess moisture by plants of spring rape collection samples, their development, growth and productivity indicators in different years of moisture (2023-2024). In 2023, acute drought was established (GTK = 0.10), while in 2024 (GTK = 1.53) the amount of precipitation exceeded the previous year more than doubled. Thus, the data obtained during the rapeseed tests made it possible to identify the most suitable, high–yielding, plastic samples for breeding (selection of parental pairs for intraspecific crosses) in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Thus, among the considered varieties of the world rapeseed collection (37 pieces), 9 cultivars were identified that were most adapted to sudden climate changes: Maikdyk, St., RY105, Yarvelon, VNIIMK-21, OR005, Ole, Viking, 44C73, K601.

Premise and objective. Since 2013, the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (KazNIIR) has initiated targeted breeding work on facultative soft wheat varieties for the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the main results of which are presented in this review. The aim and novelty of the research was to identify methodological aspects of breeding and to develop new lines and varieties of facultative wheat.

The object of the study was variety samples, hybrids, and lines of facultative wheat from the competitive variety testing nursery (CVT). The experiments were conducted in the foothill zone of the Zailiysky Alatau on light chestnut soils. Materials were sown in autumn and spring. The establishment of nurseries, records, hybridization, structural analysis, evaluation, analysis of VRN genes of materials, and statistical processing of results were carried out using methods from domestic and foreign sources.

Results. Methodological aspects of facultative wheat breeding were identified, and new sources, hybrid populations, and promising lines were selected and created based on economically valuable traits and biological properties.

The study of the mineralogical composition of the soils of the Shaulder irrigated massif in the Turkestan region was conducted for the first time in order to develop scientific foundations for the rational use of irrigated gray soils and assess the current state of agricultural lands in southern Kazakhstan. In the arable horizon of the southern serozem (0-10 cm), the content of SiO₂ was 56.8%, alo₃ — 19.8%, fe₂o₃ — 9.73%, MgO — 4.75%. The silty fraction contains: illite (up to 16.8%), glauconite (up to 12.5%), kaolinite (up to 9.1%), chlorite (up to 12.6%), feldspar — up to 4.7%. In meadow-gray soil, the presence of thrones (up to 13.2%) in the middle horizon was noted.

Analysis of the finely dispersed fraction of the conjugated pair of southern serozems revealed the following mineralogical composition: illite, glauconite (hydroludes), mixed-layered illite-smectite formations, kaolinite, galloisite, chlorite (clinochlorite), feldspar and quartz. Illite, glauconite (hydrosludes), kaolinite, galloisite, chlorite (clinochlorite), quartz, and feldspar have been found in meadow-gray soils. In addition, magnesian aluminosilicates are present in the chlorite-kaolinite-hydrous mineral association.

The study of the mineralogical composition of irrigated and non-irrigated gray-earth soils showed the accumulation of silt due to illites as a result of agradation processes associated with the fixation of potassium from various sources and the dispersion of mica of a large fraction. An increase in the content of hydrous mica in arable horizons indicates the transformation of silt into hydrous caused by the physical dispersion of large micas and the destruction of part of the smectite phase. This, in turn, led to structural changes in the finely dispersed part of the soils under the influence of irrigation.

Leguminous crops in organic farming are a key component that most fully utilizes the bioclimatic resources in their cultivation zone and addresses the biological and ecological challenges of modern agriculture. In the southeastern region of Kazakhstan, where winter wheat, winter barley, and winter triticale are traditionally cultivated, winter pea is a completely new crop. This article presents the results of research on the yield and quality indicators of green mass, grain, and straw of the winter field pea (field pea) variety "Kosmaj" of Serbian selection. In the conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan, the yield of winter pea was: 13.2 quintals per hectare of grain, 21.1 quintals per hectare of straw, 288.5 quintals per hectare of green mass, and 93.8 quintals per hectare of dry mass. The green mass, straw, and grain provided 21.13%, 15.43%, and 25.67% protein, respectively. The maximum fat content (4.53%) was found in the green mass, while the minimum (0.48%) was in the grain. The maximum starch content (16.40%) was in the grain, and the minimum (0.85%) was in the straw. The highest fiber content (33.61%) was found in the straw. One kilogram of grain contained 1.16 feed units, 225.87 grams of digestible protein, 11.71 MJ of metabolizable energy, and 1.17 energy feed units. Significantly lower indicators were observed in the green mass and straw.

Tomato occupies approximately a quarter of the total area of vegetable crops and ranks tenth in the world among plant-based food products. The largest areas for tomato cultivation are found in the USA, China, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and Russia. Currently, the cotton bollworm is one of the most widely spread pests of agricultural crops, capable of damaging more than a hundred plant species. On tomato plantings, the cotton bollworm dominates throughout the entire growing season. The most harmful are the younger larvae of the helicoverpa armigera, which primarily damage the buds and leaves of plants, while older larvae damage the flesh. Overall, tomato yield losses can reach up to 35%. Chemical plant protection products are often used to control the the helicoverpa armigera and other pests, which can lead to the problem of pesticide accumulation in fruits. Recently, there has been a growing trend towards the use of organic protection methods, such as biological preparations or natural predators. Chemical plant protection agents are often used to control the helicoverpa armigera and other pests, which can lead to the accumulation of pesticides in the fruits. Recently, there has been a trend toward using organic methods of protection, such as biological products or natural predators.

The scientific article presents the results of the use of entomophages to control the helicoverpa armigeras in tomato plantings. In the Almaty region, the biological efficiency of applying trichogramma and brackon against the second generation of the pest was 75.9%, against the third – 85.6%. In the Turkestan region, the biological effectiveness of the use of entomophages against the first generation of cotton scoops reached 77.0% against the second, 82.7% against the third.

Improving the processing of measurements performed by the statics method at the fabrichny base station.  Various approaches to processing signals from monitoring and monitoring devices are considered, as well as methods for improving the stability and quality of the received data are evaluated.  Useful data for monitoring system developers and engineers engaged in the analysis of signals and data from base stations under static measurement conditions. When making measurements, this method determines the coordinates of points with high accuracy, a large number of redundant measurements allows you to calculate residual errors in the definitions with sufficient accuracy, evaluate the quality of the starting points and eliminate gross measurement errors. significance. The scientific work presents comparative accuracy. When generalizing the results of processing GNSS measurements at the Fabrichny base station, its coordinates and spatial position are determined with high accuracy. This information allows for the efficient operation of the station and further development of the telecommunications network. In the data processing process, raw data is collected in a static state and then processed using BERNESE or SGO. This processing step takes into account errors in the satellite clocks, atmospheric effects, and changes in the satellite orbits. The use of GNSS technology in the processing of static measurements makes it possible to increase the operating efficiency of base stations and optimize the development of network infrastructure. Accurate and timely measurement allows you to prevent possible equipment failures, maintain a high level of communication quality, and provide users with a stable connection. The specified reference station is intended to ensure the implementation of measurements, as well as to determine the spatial position of a specific object. 

The agricultural industries of the agro-industrial complex, including the grain industry and the grain storage industry, are tasked with providing food to the country's population. In this context, the trends are considered and the positive dynamics of the development of grain industries in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation are noted. Based on the analysis of the level of technical equipment of industrial enterprises, a high degree of physical and moral wear and tear of their leading technological equipment has been established, in some territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation there is a shortage of capacities to ensure one-time volumes of reception, primary processing and proper storage of grain, which negatively affects the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grain resources, leads to a decrease in the efficiency of elevators and bakery enterprises. In the context of studying the long-term practice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it was concluded that crop production is the basis of the country's agriculture, the main grain-producing areas were identified, trends in the development of grain storage warehouses were identified in terms of the number of places, the volume of one-time storage capacity and the level of workload in the regional context, characterizing the potential of the country in terms of infrastructure modernization and changes in the agricultural policy of the state. The assessment of the grain industry of the Russian Federation confirmed the correlation between the indicators of its dynamics and the level and characteristics of the functioning of the state support system, especially in the context of accelerated commissioning of additional capacities and technological modernization, taking into account innovative achievements and digitalization of grain storage processes in the context of the implementation of the strategy for the development of the grain complex of the Russian Federation until 2035.

Modern horticulture requires seedlings with low growth and compact crowns, virus-free and of high quality, which ensures the intensity and high productivity of the garden. The method of clonal micropropagation has a significant place in the system of virus-free planting material production. The use of biotechnological methods in nursery production allows increasing the efficiency of plant health improvement up to 100%, 5-10 times and more increase the multiplication factor and 2-3 years accelerate the introduction of new healthy varieties and forms into production. The presented studies determined the composition of viral diseases in mother plants of apple rootstocks and optimized the stages of clonal micropropagation with modification of nutrient medium composition at the stage of rhizogenesis, as well as their adaptation to transfer to in vivo conditions. As a result of work in container culture, 126 base plants of Arm 18 and 31 base plants of Zhetysu-5 rootstock were obtained by cuttings of virus-free pre-basic mother plants.

The article examines the effect of the density of sugar beet planting with various methods of sowing on yield and product quality. The key factors determining the optimal area of plant nutrition to achieve maximum yield and quality are the timing of sowing, methods of sowing and the seeding rate.

Traditional wide-row sowing with a row spacing of 50 cm has the advantage of increased competitiveness of beets in relation to weeds, which sometimes avoids row-by-row treatments. The choice of the method of sowing and the density of standing plants depends on the moisture availability of the soil in a particular region, which leads to various recommendations on the seeding rate.

The research revealed varietal differences in beet yields with an increase in plant density from 84 to 110 thousand plants per hectare. The development of a varietal technology for beet cultivation, including the determination of optimal sowing dates and plant density, for the new Bolashak hybrid is determined by the needs of production.

The highest yield of root crops (745.5 c / ha) is achieved with a density of 100 thousand plants per hectare (5 plants per running meter), however, there is a slight decrease in sugar content (by 0.2%) compared with a density of 4.2 plants per running meter. A further increase in crop density (over 120,000 plants per hectare) leads to a decrease in both yield (up to 569.8 c/ha) and sugar content (up to 16.6%).

This scientific article presents the basic information on the study of ecological and landscape division of sustainable regional infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex. At present, zoning of the boundaries of landscape-territorial units is of great interest in connection with the greening of society. The ecological and landscape division of territories has a special character and significance, since its study is aimed at determining the exact economic laws and calculations of regions, as well as their ecological solutions and features.The main objective is to determine the spatial ecological and landscape homogeneity of territories, as well as a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the relationship between human activity and nature in space, including the use of land resources. In this regard, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the ecological-economic definition of territories should be based on philosophical, ecological-economic ideas about the relationship between the environment, ecology and the economy, which represent a single complex natural ecological-economic system that is in constant development. Landscape and ecological land management works reflect the results of the ecological and economic assessment of lands and establish the qualitative and quantitative cadastral characteristics of lands. Substantive zoning by means of zoning makes it possible to compare different areas of the plots, as well as environmental, soil protection and restoration measures or more rational placement of production and to calculate the socio-ecological properties of a certain territory, as a result of which it is possible to determine the most appropriate direction for the development of production.

Soy is a valuable oilseed and high-protein crop, which is why its production in the world is constantly increasing. Over the past 20 years, there has been a 1.82-fold increase in the world's soybean acreage and a 2.64—fold increase in gross production. Due to favorable ecological and soil-climatic conditions for soybean cultivation, diseases and pests are widespread in crops.

During the formation and maturation of soybeans, the Turkestan spider mite (Tetranichus urticae Koch.) is more harmful. A significant increase in air temperature has a positive effect on the rate and intensity of mite reproduction, significantly increasing their number. Under such conditions, the activity of the mobile stages of the tick and their harmfulness sharply increase. Imago and mite larvae harm from June to September, during the branching- budding phases, they suck the juice from the lower leaf blade, entwining leaves, flowers, and young beans with cobwebs.

The article presents the results of a test on the technology of applying liquid pesticides against harmful organisms from UAVs on soybean crops. The results of testing against the Turkestan spider mite pest when applying liquid pesticides Actarophyte 1,8 (Streptomyces avermitilis), 0.9 l/ha using UAVs showed high biological efficiency - 84%.

In 2024, phytosanitary diagnostics were conducted in the gardens of the Almaty region to determine the spread and development of powdery mildew and scab. The study focused on apple trees grown in the gardens of the peasant farm SHK "Koram" in the village of Koram, Enbekshikazakh district. The area of the garden is 110 hectares. The varieties grown include Gala, Fuji, Golden Delicious, Quinty, Red Delicious, Divo, Korey, and Stark Earliest, with the age of the seedlings ranging from 2 to 5 years, and an average yield of 50 tons per hectare, totaling 5500 tons. As a result of the phytopathological assessment, scab infection was clearly visible on the leaves and fruits of the Gala, Golden Delicious, and Stark Earliest varieties. Powdery mildew was found on the Gala, Fuji, Golden Delicious, and Red Delicious varieties. In the gardens of the peasant farm SHK "Koram," the spread of scab ranged from 16 to 20%, while the development of the disease ranged from 0.43 to 1.27%. The spread of powdery mildew ranged from 1.9 to 30%, and the level of disease development remained low, ranging from 0.32 to 1.5%. These diseases cause significant damage to production horticulture, thus constant monitoring and expertise are necessary. Based on the results of the phytosanitary monitoring in 2024, the spread and development of scab and powdery mildew in the gardens is not critical.

The apple tree is the primary fruit crop in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ensuring the population’s access to fruits year-round in sufficient quantities is a key objective. One way to improve both the quality and quantity of fruit products is by  enhancing the protection system against diseases and pests. The annual increase in the use  of chemical pesticides has a negative impact on the environment raising concerns about ecological imbalances in agro ecosystems and the emergence of resistant pest generations. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the frequency or dosage of chemical treatments. Current garden protection methods emphasize active suppression of harmful organisms, which is not environmentally friendly and increases the cost of protective measures. It is therefore important to evaluate the appropriateness of using plant protection products depending on the level of plant infestation. Obviously, it is possible to predict potential damage before it occurs. It requires monitoring and identification of pests. The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) causes annual global losses exceeding $62 billion. Spraying with azinphos-methyl is banned in the European Union, Turkey and the USA, prompting discussions about combating the pest with bio agents. Uncontrolled use of chemicals may lead to the extinction of some beneficial insects and disrupt food chains in orchards. An alternative to chemical methods could be the use of  biological garden protection systems. A promising method for combating the codling moth involves the use of granulosis virus as a bio agent, as these microorganisms do not negatively impact beneficial insects or the environment. Based on the study of the biological characteristics and harmfulness of the codling moth in southeastern Kazakhstan, optimal timings for protective measures have been identified. Research has demonstrated the high biological effectiveness of a new product, Vairosoft MS CR 4SC, in combating the codling moth (Cydia pomonella)/

The article considers the influence of green manure mixtures under the conditions of traditional flat-cut and green manure systems of preparation of the fallow predecessor on toxicity and suppressive capacity of the soil.

The aim of the study is to assess the influence of legume-cereal, cereal-oilseed, and legume-oilseed green manure mixtures and methods of incorporation thereof on the biological toxicity and suppressive properties of southern carbonate chernozem in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan.

It is shown that the soil selected on the variants of traditional technology of preparation of fallow and green manure mixtures with different methods of incorporation thereof did not have a toxic effect on the development of wheat sprouts throughout the whole growing season. Phytotoxic action as related to primary roots and sprouts of wheat was not observed. In all the studied variants, this figure was below 20%.

The composition of green manure mixtures and methods of their incorporation had a direct effect on the suppressive activity of the soil. The development of fungi F. equiseti (1/3) and F. poae (302/1) was suppressed by up to 67% by the soil collected under the cereal-oilseed (oats + mustard) mixture during mowing. The legume-cereal mixture (peas + oats) during surface mowing with slitting reduced the activity of F. equiseti (1/3) by 22%, and the cereal-oilseed (oats + mustard) mixture suppressed the growth of F. poae by up to 31% and F. equiseti (1/3) by up to 41%.

The analysis of long-term meteorological data on weather conditions and related factors limiting buckwheat productivity allowed us to formulate the main approaches to creating a theoretical model of the variety for the conditions of the Akmola region. It is based on the study of the existing gene pool of buckwheat culture and the creation of model varieties on this basis. A long-term assessment of yield and quality parameters, as well as the specifics of the applied agricultural technologies in a harsh continental climate, has been carried out. The most significant features for which it is necessary to improve existing varieties are highlighted. In conditions of a short growing season, the problem of early ripening and harmonious ripening of grain is of particular importance. An important feature is the property of limited cultural branching. One of the main directions in the design of the model will be the creation of molds with large grain and low filminess, which will significantly increase the yield of kernels during processing. Among the quality parameters, along with coarse-graininess and filminess, the nature of the grain, the alignment of the fruits, and the culinary evaluation of the porridge are also highlighted. The sum of the technological indicators is determined by the alignment, grain size, digestibility coefficient and overall culinary assessment. Based on the systematized data, a variety model is proposed. A map of the technical level of a new buckwheat variety has been created, including the following parameters: grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, plant height, vegetation duration, resistance to lodging and shedding, filminess and cold resistance.

This article analyzes the influence of various norms of the hydrogel mixture on the efficiency of using water resources and increasing the yield of winter wheat. The research was conducted in the conditions of the Aytubai field farm in the Kazygurt district of the Turkestan region. During the experiment, climatic conditions were assessed based on data from weather stations in the region from January to July 2024. In the study area, the total precipitation was 412.7 mm, the total air temperature reached 102⁰C, and the soil moisture level was 23.86%. Despite the fact that the annual precipitation corresponded to long-term data, in June and July, during the active growth of winter wheat, there was a shortage of moisture due to the lack of rains.

Studies have shown that the option without the addition of hydrogel is significantly inferior to all options with its presence. In the third variant, 25 kg/ha of a hydrogel mixture was used. The moisture content in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm) was 9.7%, and in the 10-20 cm layer it was 18.5%. For the control variant, these values were 9.5% and 15.9%, respectively. With the addition of 35 kg/ha of hydrogel, the humidity in the upper layer reached 11.6%, and in the lower layer – 19.5%. This indicates a higher saturation of the soil with moisture.

Catalpa speciosa L. is considered a promising species for greening urbanized areas due to its high decorative value and ecological properties. This research presents the results of studying the biological characteristics and seed propagation of Catalpa speciosa L. under Botanical Garden conditions.

The study aimed to assess the adaptation potential of Catalpa speciosa L. to local climatic conditions by analyzing growth dynamics, morphological, and physiological parameters. Seed germination, plant resistance levels, and growth dynamics during the vegetative period were examined.

Experiments conducted between 2022 and 2024 analyzed the influence of environmental factors—such as soil moisture, light levels, and temperature regime—on seed germination, seedling growth and development, and seasonal growth characteristics. Additionally, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of stratification and agronomic methods in enhancing seed germination.

C.speciosa L. exhibited a high ability to adapt to soil and climatic conditions; however, its low drought resistance necessitates special care measures. The research findings form the basis for recommendations on the effective utilization of the decorative and ecological properties of C.speciosa. L. This study contributes to improving local ecosystem stability and expanding the use of C.speciosa L. in urban and suburban green space landscaping.

The article contains information on the study of the effect of seeding methods and rates on the structure of the lentil crop. Currently, the task has been set, both for science and in production, to revive lentils. As a result of research, the effect of sowing rates on plant productivity was established. The largest crop of lentil grains of the Shirayly variety was formed by sowing with a row width of 30 cm and a sowing rate of 1500 thousand pcs/ha, which amounted to 21.2 c/ha. Both with a decrease in the seeding rate to 1200 thousand pcs/ha, and an increase to 1800 thousand pcs/ha, this indicator decreases by 1.9-2.5 c/ha. When sowing with a row width of 15 cm, the yield of lentil grain Shyrayly decreases by 1.2-2.1 c/ha with sowing rates from 1200 to 1800 thousand pcs/ha.

The largest crop of Krapinka lentil grain was formed by crops with a row width of 15 cm and a seeding rate of 2000 thousand pcs/ha, which amounted to 15.9 c/ha. Both with a decrease in the seeding rate to 1500 thousand pcs/ha, and an increase to 2500 thousand pcs/ha reduces eta

In the conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan, which is characterized by an arid climate and the need for irrigation, the use of organic biologically active preparations in horticulture represents a promising direction. This article presents the results of a study on the effects of the preparations Agroflorin, Al Karal, and Biosok Energy Plus on the biometric indicators of the Golden Delicious apple variety. Special attention is paid to the development of shoot length, branch diameter, leaf surface area, and other morphological traits of the plants.

The scientific novelty of this research lies in the development of a technology for the application of organic fertilizers and biopreparations that enhance the activity of soil microorganisms. These microorganisms regulate biological processes in the soil and improve the nutrient uptake of plant root systems.

Experimental studies conducted under the conditions of irrigated light chestnut soils of southeastern Kazakhstan revealed that organic fertilizers and biopreparations, particularly "BioSok Energy Plus", Agroflorin, and Alkaral, stimulate the vital activity of beneficial soil microorganisms and improve plant nutrition.

Soil microorganisms play a key role in mineralizing organic substances and synthesizing their cellular proteins by utilizing carbon and nitrogen. Microbial groups such as actinomycetes, mold fungi, and bacteria contribute to the replenishment of nitrogen in the soil by decomposing organic matter. As a nitrogen source, they primarily require easily soluble nitrogen compounds, which are provided through the application of organic fertilizers and biopreparations.

The study established a positive effect of organic fertilizers, particularly BioSok Energy Plus and Agroflorin, on the population of ammonifying bacteria, pseudomonads, amylolytic bacteria, and micromycete flora in apple orchard soils. This, in turn, enhances the nutrition of the root system and improves the overall physiological condition of apple trees.

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most common among leguminous and oilseed crops in the world. According to the FAO classification, soybeans belong to oilseed crops, but it is a universal crop due to its high content of proteins, fat and carbohydrates. In the last decade, soybean has become very popular in the agriculture of Kazakhstan, especially in the northern grain-growing regions. However, there is a lag in yield from the largest producing countries, the main reasons are natural conditions, the use of less productive varieties, technical and technological lag. Also, an equally important reason is the spread of various diseases, which often leads to a decrease in the yield and quality of soybean seeds. In this regard, for the timely, correct and effective implementation of control measures, a deep study and identification of pathogens, in particular fungal diseases, is relevant. The article presents the results of studies on the study of fungi of the genus Alternaria Spp isolated from the affected organs of soybean plants. To identify the fungal strains, we used the method of determining the direct nucleotide sequence of the ITS region, followed by determining the nucleotide identity with the sequences deposited in the international Gene Bank database, as well as constructing phylogenetic trees with nucleotide sequences. As a result of the analyses, we identified strains related to Alternaria destruens.

In the soybean agrocenosis in Kostanay region, 17 species of locusts and grasshoppers (Acrididae) were identified. Three species were dominant in numbers: Euchorthippus pulvinatus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846), Italian locust Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stenobothrus fischeri (Eversmann, 1848). In terms of life forms, almost all the species that are predominant in numbers are facultative and cereal chortobionts, except for the Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1825). All dominants are also the most harmful. The Sørensen-Chekanovsky index of commonality of species composition for locusts in soybean agrocenoses of Almaty and Kostanay regions was equal to 0.59. The indicator is quite high for such distant biocenoses with different climatic conditions. In the future, it is possible to detect other locust species in the soybean agrocenosis of the Kostanay region. In total, 24 species of entomophages of locust and grasshoppers were identified in soybean crops in the Kostanay region. The entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) A. Batko is of greatest importance among all natural regulators. In the future, it is necessary to continue research in this direction.

This article presents the results of experiments aimed at studying the effect of various growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins) on the microclonal propagation of the 'Heaven Can Wait' blackberry variety in vitro. The experiment examined different concentrations and combinations of growth hormones: BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), NAA (naphthalene acetic acid), and GA3 (gibberellic acid). It was found that the highest multiplication rate (8.4) was achieved by the combined application of 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l IBA. Data analysis revealed that IBA has a more pronounced stimulating effect on the formation of microshoots compared to NAA. Additionally, the introduction of GA3 into the nutrient medium generally reduced the multiplication rate, and this reduction was statistically significant. However, the combination of 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l GA3 contributed to significant shoot elongation (up to 4.23 cm), which can be applied during the rooting and acclimatization stages. The results highlight the importance of selecting optimal concentrations of growth regulators for the microclonal propagation of specific blackberry varieties and may be used to further improve propagation protocols for 'Heaven Can Wait' with the aim of its widespread commercial introduction.

A field experiment conducted on typical chernozem soils of Kostanay Region investigated the effects of different soil tillage systems and crop types on the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and the fractional composition of humus. The study was carried out on spring wheat, pea crops, and fallow land under traditional and zero tillage (No-Till) systems. A correlation analysis was performed between the contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen, as well as between humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC). It was found that the No-Till system generally promotes the accumulation of soil organic matter. A strong positive correlation between organic carbon and total nitrogen was observed in fallow soils (r = 0.78), and a close relationship was found between HAC and FAC (r = 0.978). The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of organic matter accumulation and the influence of agrotechnologies on the carbon-nitrogen balance in soils.

The research was conducted with the aim of optimizing the introduction of apple clonal rootstocks (M.9, MM.106) and varieties (Golden Delicious, Zarya Alatau) into the initial in vitro nutrient medium. As a result, the most favorable time for introducing apple explants into the in vitro medium was found to be March - April. A sterilization scheme was developed for one-year-old shoot tips and dormant axillary buds used as initial explants. The most active development of microshoots occurred in the MS-1 nutrient medium. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an antioxidant to the nutrient medium contributed to the inhibition of phenolic compound release and demonstrated that frequent medium renewal was not necessary. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the development of microshoots depends on the genotypic characteristics of the apple varieties and clonal rootstocks. The highest growth rates of explants were observed in the following apple varieties and clonal rootstocks: Zarya Alatau (98% regeneration ability), Golden Delicious (77%), and clonal rootstocks M.9 (80%). The lowest growth rate was observed in the clonal rootstock MM.106 (43%). The effect of the duration of the vegetative period of apple varieties and clonal rootstocks on the induction of microshoot growth and development has not been investigated.

The article presents a comprehensive agroecological assessment of the lands of Kostanay region using geoinformation technologies (GIS) and statistical analysis for the design of adaptive landscape farming systems. Based on agroecological groups and types of land, maps of the suitability of agricultural land by category have been designed.

Electronic cartograms of humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, potassium, pH of the soil environment and sulfur have been created. A correlation analysis was also performed, which revealed a strong positive relationship between humus content (r = 0.978), nitrate nitrogen (r = 0.965), mobile phosphorus (r = 0.930) and mobile potassium (r = 0.942) with yield. Regression analysis confirmed that the humus content affects 95.7% of the yield variation, and the phosphorus and potassium content affects 86.4% and 88.7%, respectively. The introduction of ALSZ contributes to the sustainable management of land resources, increasing yields and maintaining soil fertility in the conditions of the continental climate of Kostanay region.

The water discharged from the mine is contaminated to varying degrees with floating substances, dissolved minerals, and bacterial impurities, so it cannot be fully used in the national economy and diverted to water bodies without prior treatment.

The most common form of mine water pollution is floats. They are present in a certain amount in all mine waters that are discharged to the surface from the working environment of the mine. As a result, the removal of suspended solids is the main form of purification of neutral and alkaline mine waters and the first stage of purification of fresh mine waters.

In this paper, the most effective and economical methods and structures were selected based on practical research and generalization of accumulated experience at industry enterprises for mine water treatment. Technological schemes for mine water treatment have been proposed for widespread use in mines under construction and reconstruction. Several options for mine water treatment in the form of an existing pond were demonstrated.

The article presents technologies and methods of effective purification of mine waters from float substances.  Treatment facilities according to the technological scheme are designed for disinfection of suspended solids and neutral mine water with a pH value from 6.5 to 8.5. The total concentration of suspended solids in the source mine water is not limited, the hydraulic fineness should not be less than 0.05 mm/s and should not exceed 50 mg/ l. Purification technologies are also being implemented to prevent contamination of water bodies as a result of the discharge of excess mine water.

This paper presents the results of the study of the physical and chemical properties of soils, such as pH, mineralization, and granulometric composition. A total of 52 soil samples were selected from various locations, providing a wide range of soil types, from sandy soils to heavy loams and clays. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the chemical characteristics of the soil and its textural features. A detailed analysis of the influence of granulometric composition on soil mineralization and pH was conducted. The results showed that mineralization ranged from 20 to 3240 mg/dm³, with the highest values observed in soils with a high clay and loam content. Soils with a high sand content demonstrated low mineralization and a more neutral pH. The study also revealed that the granulometric composition significantly influences the chemical properties of the soil. Soil pH level directly affects the availability of nutrients essential for plant growth and development. These data can be used for more precise agrochemical zoning and improving land use methods in agriculture. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the physical and chemical characteristics of soils when making decisions related to agronomy and ecology. It is necessary to implement appropriate measures to prevent soil pollution caused by anthropogenic waste.

The article examines the Kyzylorda region as the most water-consuming sector of irrigated agriculture in Kazakhstan. One of the main tasks, from the perspective of environmental, economic, and social conditions, is the most efficient use of every cubic meter (m³) of irrigation water required for irrigating agricultural crops.

As the experience of many scientists has shown, in a number of reclamation areas, the productivity of agricultural crops has not reached the required level over the past decade. As a result of the rise in groundwater levels in irrigated areas, the environmental situation has worsened, secondary salinization of soils has occurred, and water erosion processes have developed.

All of this is caused by the use of inefficient irrigation methods, high losses of irrigation water, and the unsatisfactory technical condition of the irrigation system.

In the production of agricultural products, market relations take into account environmental conditions, as well as economic factors and profitability.

Sweet sorghum is a forage crop that creates the necessary conditions in our natural and economic region for increasing forage production and strengthening the forage base of livestock. The sugar beet harvest helps optimally address the issue of providing livestock with high-quality forage.

This study investigates the effect of an ion-exchange substrate on the adaptation process of microclonal Nitraria plants. The use of this substrate was found to promote high survival rates and maintain stable biometric parameters, as well as photosynthetic and respiratory activity of the regenerated plants. The objective of the research was to evaluate the impact of the ion-exchange substrate on the adaptive capacity of Nitraria microclones under ex situ conditions.
Species of this genus are valuable due to their leaves and fruits containing a complex of biologically active compounds. The regenerated clones demonstrated well-developed root systems and successfully adapted to non-sterile environments. After six months of cultivation, the average plant height on the ion-exchange substrate reached 29.5 cm, and the average root length was 41.6 cm, nearly twice the measurements observed in the control group grown in a standard soil mixture.
With adherence to optimal irrigation regimes, survival rates reached 86%.
Container-grown cultures were ready for transplantation into open field conditions after 3–4 months of greenhouse cultivation. These findings confirm that the application of an ion-exchange substrate stimulates the growth of the main shoot and enhances root system development in microclonal Nitraria plants under ex situ conditions.

This article presents the hydrogeological and reclamation conditions of the Tasbuget modular biological treatment plant in the city of Kyzylorda (coordinates 44.773133, 65.565948), as well as the impact of wastewater on forage crops and groundwater, as well as research work carried out.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the countries with a shortage of water resources. About 65-70% of water resources are formed outside the country. According to projected studies, by 2030, the volume of water resources in the country may decrease by 15%, which may become a threat to national security. Many countries around the world are facing chronic water shortages due to climate change, inefficient water management, and outdated irrigation technologies in agriculture. Due to these negative factors, the possibilities of reuse of water resources are being considered, including the safe disposal of wastewater for irrigation of tree plantations and forage crops.

Using the example of the city of Kyzylorda, the continuous discharge of wastewater into a pond with an area of 55 hectares, an average of 6400 m³ per day, and the lack of modern wastewater treatment technologies lead to a deterioration of the environmental situation in the city of Kyzylorda. The scientific works of international and domestic researchers note that the most promising area of wastewater reuse is irrigation of forage crops and tree plantations, and today applied research is being carried out in this area in the conditions of the city of Kyzylorda.

In the CIS countries, more than 400,000 hectares of land are irrigated using wastewater. Irrigated areas are located in such cities and regions as Volzhsk, Krivoy Rog, Kharkov, Odessa, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rostov region, Kiev, Donetsk, Baku, Ashgabat, Yevpatoria, Zhadanov, Omsk and Tashkent.                  

The main consumer of water resources in all countries is agriculture, in particular irrigated agriculture. The scientific and research community of the world has been developing and substantiating water-saving methods and technologies for irrigation of crops for many decades, thanks to which certain successes have been achieved in reducing water stress in low-water and dry years, preserving soils from irrigation erosion, salinization, waterlogging and improving their water-physical and agrochemical properties of soils.  In addition, there are numerous studies on the use of non-traditional water sources in irrigated agriculture, such as the reuse and rational management of collector and drainage mineralized waters, desalination of wastewater or marine highly mineralized waters for irrigation of crops in conditions of global freshwater scarcity. 

Therefore, the issue of finding and using new additional alternative water sources is becoming increasingly acute. Such sources can be poorly mineralized groundwater that is not used in a huge volume and collector-drainage water discharged from irrigation fields. For example, according to the results of hydrological observations at hydraulic posts located in the discharge systems of the Turkestan region in 2022, the total volume of collector and drainage waters in the irrigated areas of the region amounted to 597.8 million m³, including 278.8 million m³ (47%) of the total runoff at our research facility in the Myrzachul irrigation area.

In general, the increasing shortage of irrigation water in the lands of the Turkestan region leads to the search and implementation of water–saving technologies, especially in the Mirzachul irrigation area, where the main problems are insufficient water supply and salinization of land. The annual water shortage ranges from 260-300 million m³. Increasing the water availability of irrigated lands in this area can be solved by reusing drainage waters pumped out by vertical drainage wells in order to lower the groundwater level.

This article explores modern approaches to monitoring and analyzing deformation processes in open-pit mining using automated control and measuring systems (ACMS). The study presents a conceptual and practical framework for integrating geotechnical sensors, geodetic monitoring, and finite element modeling into a unified decision-support system. A hypothetical case study of an open-pit mine in Eastern Kazakhstan is used to simulate stress–strain behavior under dynamic loading conditions. The modeling parameters and input data are described in detail, including assumptions on rock mechanical properties, boundary conditions, and external factors such as precipitation and excavation activity. Results show a potential 25–30% increase in deformation in critical zones within 5 years, confirming the need for predictive monitoring. The findings support the integration of ACMS and geomechanical simulation tools to reduce accident risks, improve forecast accuracy, and increase operational safety in complex geological environments.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern research methods for high-mountain glacial lakes in Central Asia under global warming conditions. Special attention is given to moraine lakes, which form due to glacier retreat and pose a significant hazard because of potential outburst events and associated debris flows. Key trends in glacial lake changes, their dynamic behavior, formation mechanisms, and current monitoring and risk assessment strategies are thoroughly examined.

Particular focus is placed on the use of remote sensing data (Landsat, Sentinel, Terra), which, in combination with geographic information systems (GIS), enables real-time monitoring of lake conditions, spatial and temporal dynamics, and risk assessment. The article also discusses approaches to estimating lake water volume using spectral indices (MNDWI, NDVI) and digital elevation models (DEMs).

The study summarizes research experience across major mountain systems, including the Himalayas, Pamirs, and Tien Shan. The advantages of satellite-based monitoring – such as efficiency and the ability to survey inaccessible regions – are highlighted alongside its limitations, including spatial resolution constraints, seasonal variability, and the need for ground-truth validation. The importance of integrating remote sensing with field-based observations for more accurate outburst risk assessment is emphasized.

The article presents specific case studies, including an inventory of 143 glacial lakes in the Shilik River basin and an analysis of the 2015 Bezymyannoye Lake outburst, which caused significant damage. The results have important practical implications for the development of early warning systems and risk management in mountainous areas. Given rising temperatures and accelerated glacier melt, the need for enhanced and integrated monitoring of glacial lakes is becoming increasingly urgent.

The article examines the impact of forest ecosystems in Eastern Kazakhstan on the regulation of water balance and protection of soils from degradation. Experimental studies have been conducted to assess the water retention capacity of soils, the level of erosion and the dynamics of humidity in various forest formations. The results show that forests play an important role in stabilizing the hydrological regime and preventing erosion processes. Remote sensing data and GIS technologies have been applied to analyze vegetation cover density, soil moisture indices, and NDVI values, which provides a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health. The study also examines the role of tree and shrub composition in erosion resistance, highlighting the importance of mixed forest formations in increasing soil stability. The results highlight the need for sustainable forest management practices and afforestation strategies to mitigate land degradation and improve regional water conservation efforts. Analysis of precipitation infiltration and evapotranspiration rates shows that forests contribute to maintaining stable groundwater levels, reducing the risk of droughts and floods in adjacent agricultural and urban areas. The study concludes with recommendations for adaptive management strategies for forest conservation, including afforestation using native species, controlled grazing methods, and the implementation of solutions based on natural factors to enhance landscape resilience. These findings serve as the basis for the development of a comprehensive policy aimed at preserving the ecological functions of forests in Eastern Kazakhstan and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.

In this article the system analysis in the field of creation of natural-ecological framework is carried out on the basis of study and analysis of special literature, normative-legal documents, assessment of nature protection and recreational activities of nature protection institutions, ecosystem services of linear forest plantations, water resources, etc.

Based on the significance of the protection, transit, recreational and stabilizing functions of the natural-ecological framework, the main and auxiliary elements were identified, including ecological cores (key natural areas), transit areas, buffer zones and ecological restoration areas.

The key natural territories include the most important areas of natural territories that have an independent conservation value. Key territories that play a determining role in maintaining ecological balance are identified as nuclei or nodes of the ecological framework. Areas that provide links between key areas are “transit” areas or “ecological corridors”.

The proposed elements of the natural-ecological framework will allow systematizing the management decisions taken and create a basis for achieving strategic goals to improve the environmental situation, ensure environmental safety of the population and territories, as well as the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems on the basis of sustainable environmental management.

Grain yields depend largely on the quality of seed selection and the sophistication of agrotechnics in their cultivation. Existing methods of soil preparation for sowing can be significantly improved to increase productivity. The quality of sowing depends directly on the agrotechniques used. Therefore, the development of new, more efficient agricultural machinery can increase yields. Soil density, the most important factor in the cereal crop production process. If the agrotechniques are performed well, the yield increases. Rolling also increases yields. Currently existing technical means of soil rolling do not fully meet the agrotechnical requirements of sowing. Therefore, theoretical and experimental research, devoted to the development of parameters of bar rolling roller to the tool for shallow cultivation of compacted soils sowing grain crops in the conditions of Kazakhstan is relevant.

In the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches by the determination of the degree of influence of the parameters of the cage press packer to the implement for the primary tillage of the consolidated soils on its drawbar resistance are given. The formulae for determination of the reaction force on the cages and the drawbar resistance of the cage press packer depending on its mass, diameter and distance between the cages are given. With usage these formulae the calculations that experimental researches on the laboratory machine in the ground conditions are recognized, are done and the rational diameter, pitch between cages and specific weight of the press packer are determinated. Is established that the drawbar resistance is rational when the diameter is 0,50-0,52 meters and pitch between cages is 0,14 meters.

Modern challenges in the field of energy require the development of alternative, environmentally friendly energy sources. Among them, solar and wind power plants occupy a special place, which can be effectively used as the basis for power supply to various facilities, including agricultural enterprises.

Currently, one of the main problems for the energy industry of Kazakhstan is the acute shortage of electricity in the southern region of the Republic.  In addition, the southern region of Kazakhstan is characterized by a limited number of power plants, as well as a limited number of power plants and substations in this region. In this regard, one of the main social tasks of Kazakhstan's energy sector today is the reliable provision of electricity to consumers in southern Kazakhstan, especially those located in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This article examines the scientific aspects of the solar-wind balance, evaluates the possibilities of integrating solar and wind energy to create a sustainable and efficient energy system, and analyzes the solar-wind balance of the Maktaralsky district.

The article discusses the possibilities, challenges and prospects of using solar and wind power plants to provide electricity to the agro-industrial complex, as well as key aspects that must be taken into account when designing and operating such systems.

The article discusses the issues of studying the stability of the energy supply system of remote mobile shearing stations.

The main energy consumers at a mobile shearing station are universal collector electric motors used in shearing machines. The stable and reliable operation of these motors directly depends on the stability of the solar photovoltaic system. Since the capacities of the solar photovoltaic installation and electric motors are equal, risks such as engine overturning, inability to start, or unstable operation may occur during transients. Such phenomena can lead to an interruption of the shearing process or a decrease in the efficiency of the system as a whole.

In this regard, the article comprehensively examines the operating modes of universal collector electric motors, theoretical and experimental studies of their transient modes are carried out. A mathematical model of a universal collector electric machine has been developed, simulation models have been developed and analyzed in the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. During the study of the system, the features of engine start-up, response to load changes, as well as dynamic characteristics in constant and transient modes were analyzed.

As a result of the study, oscillograms of transient processes during the connection of shearing machines in different sequences were obtained and their characteristics were studied. The simulation results are compared with experimental data and their mutual agreement is verified. The results obtained make it possible to optimize the system of sustainable energy supply to remote mobile shearing stations and determine the effective operating modes of universal collector engines.

Thearticlepresents the results of research on machine-tractorunitswith an automaticcontrolsystemon the basis of the Experimentalproductionfarm"Kaskelensky",Agropark"Ontustik". The relevance of research.

Amethod for studying a transport and technologicalmachine is proposed based on the research of ProfessorP. Zhunisbekov (A newmethod for studyingMTAasstandardlinks)astypicallinks of a linearsystem. The transitionfunction was investigatedinaccordancewith the features of linearsystems.Eachtypicallinkhasits own specialtransitionalfunction, a kind of "fingerprint", which differsfromotherlinks.

Based on the results of the study, the type of link was justified. The purpose of the researchwastoconducttheoreticalandexperimentalstudies of a transport and technologicalmachineas a typicallink in a linearsystem, to testandevaluate the effectivenessof a transport and technologicalmachine(seedingunit)equipped with a paralleldrivingsystem.

The researchmethodologyincludedconducting the experimentalpartinaccordancewith the currentstandards of the National Assembly of the Republic of KazakhstanandGOST,usingplanningandanalysis of experiments.

The mainresults. The MTAresearchmethod was substantiated by dividingitintotypicallinks of a linearsystem,examining the transitionalfunction of the toollinkas a kind of "fingerprint" of the link.Comparingthisprocesswith the transitioncharacteristics, the type of link was determined.In an equilibriumandstablestate of operation of theirworkingbodies, they correspond in terms of a transientprocess(characteristic) to an inertialaperiodiclink of the firstorder.Therefore,in the mathematicaldescription, instead of complexandpoorlydigesteddifferentialequations, one canlimit oneself to first- orsecond-order differential equations directlyrelatedto the designparameters of the device.

Conclusions of the research work. Transport and technological machines, in normal operating modes, belong to the inertial aperiodic link of the first order. Materials on the effectiveness of a transport and technological machine (seeding unit) with an automatic control system (ACS) are presented. The main effect is achieved from the fact that more than 90% of the operator's time is freed from the need to control the unit, along with increased productivity, increased field area utilization, minimizing the width of the butt aisle.

The competitiveness of livestock products largely depends on the cost and profitability of obtaining feed. And in conditions of disparity in prices for agricultural products and agricultural machinery, the cost of feed is determined mainly by the costs of using equipment in their production. Reducing the costs of obtaining agricultural products depends on engineering science, and the solution to this issue is possible on the basis of a sharp increase in the productivity (hourly output) of units.

The article is dedicated to the issues of designing a harvesting and transport unit (HTU), which is the main component of a machine complex for preparing bulk hay. The HTU is considered as a single-loop system that operates as a result of the combined work of a pickup and a loader with an assembly chamber. An analysis of mathematical models of the processes of picking up, loading, and collecting mass will allow for the development of structural elements of the working bodies of the HTU.

To verify the operability of the HTU’s technological scheme, a simulation of its operation was performed, and the processes of picking up the swath using a canvas-type pickup with spring fingers were examined. An analysis of the mathematical model of this process was conducted. By studying the process of picking up the swath with a canvas-type pickup, a relationship was established between the agronomically permissible speed of the HTU and the spacing of the spring fingers. It was determined that the condition for the continuity of the swath at a finger spacing of 0.145 m is ensured at speeds up to 8.2 km/h.

Thisarticlediscusses a computerprogramand a methodology for calculating the parameters of the energy supplysystem of a mobileshearingstation. The mainfocus is on determining the optimalarea of solarpanelsandbatterycapacity,whicharekeyfactorsforensuring the autonomousoperation of thisfacility.Calculations are performedusing a specializedcomputerprogramthat takes into account the uncertainty of naturalfactorscharacteristicof the Almatyregion.Amongtheparameters taken into account are the transparency of the atmosphere,cloudlessness, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays,theirdailyvariability,aswell as the geographicalfeatures of the region,including the latitude of the terrainand the height of the Sunabove the horizon.Theseparameters are necessaryforaccuratecalculation of solarinsolation,whichis the mainsource of energyfor the system.Thearticlepresents the sequence of calculations of solarinsolation,aswell as describes the algorithmon the basis of whichallcalculations are performed. In addition, there is a computerprogramdevelopedinPython,whichallows you to take into accountall the factorsaffectingtheprocess. The dataobtained make it possible to effectivelydetermine the optimalarea,number of solarpanelsandbatterycapacityrequiredforreliableenergy supply to the shearingstationintheregion under consideration,whichcontributes to increased energy efficiencyandreduceddependenceontraditionalenergysources.

To increase the yield, quality and field germination of agricultural seeds, pre-sowing seed treatment is used using electromagnetic fields, microwave radiation, millimeter range, the effect of ultrahigh frequency (microwave) fields, complex and other treatments on crop yields. These methods are environmentally friendly, since the radiation absorbed in the treated plant has a direct effect on the plant's vital processes, but no environmentally harmful substances enter the external environment.

The purpose of this study is to substantiate the optimal modes of pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds with an electromagnetic field of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation, which results in a significant increase in the morphophysiological parameters of their seedlings and, as a result, an increase in the yield of this crop.

The seeds of spring wheat of the Omsk-18 variety grown in the Ulanskaya MTS LLP, Kazakhstan farm, treated with an electromagnetic field of low-frequency radiation using an industrial stationary installation, whose operation is based on radiation sources with a frequency of 16 Hz, magnetic induction of 6 MT.

Thermokinetic curves were obtained and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry. The thermophysical parameters characterizing the studied grains were determined taking into account the corrections according to the standard – India (Tm=156.7 °C, ΔHm=28.58 J/g). The temperature calculation error did not exceed ± 1 °C. The scanning speed was 16 deg/min. Thermograms were obtained in an air environment. The sample weight was varied from 4-20 mg. Thermograms of grains with and without a shell were taken.

This study investigates the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in advancing Kazakhstan's agricultural industry, emphasizing its role in addressing persistent challenges and fostering economic opportunities. The research identifies critical factors influencing the adoption of AI technologies, including digital infrastructure readiness, technological awarenessand skills, access to financial resources, availability and quality of agricultural data, the legal and regulatory framework, integration with existing agricultural systems, public-private sector collaboration, and perception and cultural acceptance. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative and qualitative data derived from surveys and expert interviews. A robust sample of 140 respondents was selected through multi-stage stratified sampling to ensure comprehensive representation. Additionally, expert assessments were employed to evaluate the weight and contextual relevance of each identified factor in Kazakhstan. The findings provide insights into two core hypotheses: first, the impact of perception and cultural acceptance on AI adoption, and second, whether access to financial resources constitutes the primary barrier to implementation. Results highlight both opportunities and obstacles, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers, agricultural enterprises, and technology providers. The study underscores the importance of fostering technological skills, enhancing data ecosystems, and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration to harness AI's potential in achieving sustainable agricultural growth and economic resilience in Kazakhstan.