No. 1 (93) (2022): Research, results

The article presents a retrospective analysis of epizootological monitoring of lumpy skin disease (LSD). A retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of lumpy skin disease over the past 10 years in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan shows that the disease was first registered in early July 2016. The data on the density of cattle and the number of imported cattle are presented, thanks to which it is possible to assess the risks of introduction and spread of lumpy skin disease on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In addition, data on monitoring studies using ELISA and PCR-RV methods are reflected. The article also reflects data on vaccines used in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the intensity of immunity in the post-vaccination period. The effectiveness of vaccination against lumpy skin disease is shown on the example of the West Kazakhstan region. Possible ways of introduction and spread of lumpy skin disease in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented. The originality of the article lies in the presentation of new data on epizootological monitoring lumpy skin disease for 2021, generalization and comparison of available data from 2016. In addition, data on the first outbreak of lumpy skin disease in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2016 are reflected.

The article studies the effect of biologically active feed additive "Albit Bio" in combination with probiotic "Torulact" on the growth and development of broiler chickens.

In this regard, studies were conducted at the poultry farm "Sary Bulak of Company" of the Almaty region. The object of the study was broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross, which were grown on a deep litter. As a result of the conducted experience, the expediency and effectiveness of the use of the above biologically active feed additives when feeding broiler chickens and their impact on the safety of livestock, live weight, meat qualities, chemical composition of meat were determined.

In the conditions of the above-mentioned broiler poultry farm, a control group and two experimental groups of 150heads each were formed. The broiler chickens of the control group were fed full-fledged compound feed produced according to the appropriate recipe at the poultry farm feed mill. The iodine-containing feed additive "Albit Bio" in the volume of 0.25ml/kg of compound feed was used as a feed additive for young animals of the first experimental group. The chickens of the second experimental group were fed the Albit Bio feed additive at the rate of 0.25ml/kg and the Torulact probiotic in the amount of 0.15ml/kg of compound feed.

To study the meat qualities of broiler chickens, anatomical cutting of carcasses after slaughter was carried out. In appearance, the carcasses of chickens of the control and experimental groups met the requirements of the standard and had no significant differences. In addition, it can be stated that the addition of the iodine-containing biologically active feed additive Albit Bio in combination with the probiotic Torulact positively affected the indicators of various anatomical parts of carcasses. 

In this work, the influence of various biological preparations on the germination energy, germination and fungal damage of cabbage seeds, the Nadyusha variety was studied. The germination energy and germination of cabbage seeds were determined on the 3rd and 7th days, and fungal infestation - 7 days after their treatment. In the studies, biological preparations Phytolavin v.r.k, Bisolbisan, zh. 6 protective and stimulating compositions were developed for the improvement of cabbage seeds. It was found that the treatment of cabbage seeds with protective and stimulating compounds had a positive effect on the sowing qualities of seeds – germination energy, laboratory germination, the intensity of growth of appendages and significantly reduced the number of diseased seeds. The TMTD v.s.k + Tumat treatment option showed high biological efficiency, while the sowing qualities of cabbage seeds did not decrease. For the improvement of seedlings, experiments were laid in the field in the village of Svetlana in the Zhambyl district of the Almaty region in three variants. The results of drug testing have shown that both options effectively restrain the defeat of cabbage seedlings by black stem and root rot.

The article discusses the groups of pollutants most commonly found in the food industry. The results of the content of pollutants in vegetable oils are also presented, which indicates a fairly wide range of concentrations of monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. Various technological parameters of the deodorization process lead to such a wide range of values and require further research and development of technologies aimed at reducing the content of these compounds. The classification of pollutants is presented, individual groups of pollutants are considered in more detail, and the main measures for the prevention and prevention of the content of pollutants in food products are given. Therefore, knowledge about impurities and pollutants in food is of great practical importance and is considered an important food safety issue. The presence of impurities in food products that have no nutritional and biological value or are completely toxic threatens human health. Thus, in order to reduce the risks associated with the consumption of these compounds, it is necessary to develop effective technological methods for reducing the content of pollutants that can be used not only in production, but also on an industrial scale. And one of the important processes of reducing the content of pollutants in vegetable oils is the improvement of the oil purification process using various solvents.

A comprehensive system for protecting apple trees from fire blights has been developed for the first time, which includes agrotechnical, biological, and chemical measures tamed to the conditions of the southeast of Kazakhstan.

The effectiveness of 7 schemes was evaluated, including sanitary pruning, chemical, and biological preparations, microelements, and growth regulators during the development of the integrated system for protecting apple trees from a fire blight in the field conditions. The experiments were carried out in two farms of Karasay and Enbekshikazakh districts of the Almaty region in the outbreak of fire blight on Aport and Stark Earliest varieties susceptible to bacteriosis. The results showed that Kurzat, Kosid, Alet, Fosethyl Super, Agrigent Plus are the most effective fungicides; Kasumin, Fitop, and Fitolavin are effective biological preparations; for macro and micro elements - Foskraft MKP, Curamine Foliar; for growth regulators - Estrasol, Novosil and Regalis Plus.

The scheme №3 was selected to implement comprehensive measures in order to combat fire blight on the apple tree at the demonstration field, which includes the growth regulators Regalis Plus and the copper-containing fungicide Kosaid 2000 and the biological preparation Kasumin 2L, which are contained in the "Handbook of Pesticides approved for use on the territory of Kazakhstan."

The Implementation of comprehensive measures to combat fire blight was carried out on a demonstration field of 15 hectares on two varieties - Starkrimson and Golden Delicious, in the farm "Zhemis" in the Enbekshikazakh district of the Almaty region.

The biological efficiency of the developed measures was 96.5% on the Starkrimson variety, and on Golden Delicious, it equaled 95.2%.

The preserved harvest on the Starkrimson variety equaled 28.8%, and on Golden Delicious was 21.1% in comparison with the standard. 

The paper presents the results of the content of glycidyl esters of fatty acids in terms of glycidol in samples of unrefined and refined vegetable oils, studied according to the methods described in [1, 2]. The range of concentrations of glycidyl esters in the studied samples of vegetable oils ranged from 0.1 to 9.8 mg/kg, whereas standard norms should not exceed 1 mg/kg for edible vegetable oils. Analysis of oil samples confirmed the complete or almost complete absence of glycidyl esters in non-deodorized oils. The largest amount of glycidyl esters was found in refined palm oil (9.8 mg/kg), which shows the importance of controlling the content of these toxic impurities in vegetable oils entering the market. Therefore, the production of vegetable oils requires the improvement of technology and the introduction of technological measures to prevent the formation of contaminants in edible oils. However, the presence of free fatty acids in the oils can lead to the formation of glycidyl esters. The physical quality indicators, physico-chemical parameters and fatty acid composition of the samples of raw unrefined and refined vegetable oils were determined step by step. The studied oils according to physico-chemical parameters comply with the safety requirements of TR CU 021/2011 and TR CU 024/2011. According to physico-chemical indicators, the oils have an acid number of 0.2-4.6 and a peroxide number of 0.8-9.8 within the normal range. The indicators of acid and peroxide numbers reflect the presence of free fatty acids in vegetable oils.

Already in antiquity, grapes  derivatives from it were valued not only for taste, but also for medicinal properties. Modern scientific medicine confirms that berries contain a large amount of antioxidants that protect the body from chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system,nervous system, and also help fight free radicals. Even a high sugar content does not spoil the berry, as it contains some substances that improve the absorption of glucose. bread is the most popular food product, so the introduction of healthy ingredients into its composition can have a significant impact on human health. One of the most important sources of food powders, which include up to 20% fiber and 5-8% pectin, is grapes (explosives). Recently, one of the solutions to this development of the bakery industry is to improve its quality and nutritional value, in terms of sustainable nutrition is the development and introduction of bread with high consumption characteristics and low energy value. The problem of healthy eating is relevant for food producers in many countries around the world. In Kazakhstan, bread is considered as one of the staple foods, so the priority development of the baking industry is to improve its quality and nutritional value. Recently, one of the solutions of this problem from the point of view of rational nutrition is development and implementation of bread, characterized by high consumer characteristics and low energy value. In addition to their environmental friendliness implies the presence of dietary and therapeutic and preventive properties.

To conduct scientific research, experiments:

- To study the effect of vegetable raw material additives on the baking properties of wheat flour and quality indicators of wheat dough

- Study the effect of vegetable additives on the quality properties of wheat dough and consumer properties of bread

The scientific novelty of this work is to obtain bread, using the addition of vegetable raw materials, which have a positive impact on enhancing the nutritional and energy values of the product. Obtained by experimental research technology of bread production with the use of additives from plant raw materials will be important for the human body. Getting a new type of bread with increased nutritional and biological value due to the addition of herbal raw materials. The use of vegetable raw materials in the production of new types of bread with increased nutritional and biological value expands the range of this type of product, enriches the human body with beneficial micronutrients, increases the nutritional value and extends the shelf life.

Soybean cultivation in Kazakhstan is one of the promising areas that requires a detailed study of its technology and protection. Only in the last 10 years, the area under soybeans has increased from 50 thousand hectares to 200 thousand hectares per. Increasing the acreage under soybeans does not guarantee us a high and high-quality harvest. It is necessary to continuously improve the technology of cultivation and protection through the use of available scientific achievements. The greatest problem in soybean crops are weeds, which significantly reduce crop yields by up to 40%. The analysis of the data showed the necessary areas of work to improve the systems of protection of soybean crops. The current trend in the formation of protection should be based on an integrated approach to the cultivation of soybean culture, taking into account its characteristics. This is a set of preventive measures, agrotechnical and chemical methods of protection that can significantly reduce the number of weeds on soybean crops. From an agroecological point of view, chemical treatment of the crop should be carried out using herbicides with low toxicity. The terms of application of low-toxic herbicides should also be adapted to the region of cultivation.

The‎ a‎rticle‎ de‎a‎ls with the‎ curre‎nt pro‎ble‎m o‎f a‎gricultura‎l la‎nd de‎gra‎da‎tio‎n. The‎ ma‎in o‎bje‎ctive‎s - the‎ o‎rga‎niza‎tio‎n o‎f ra‎tio‎na‎l use‎ a‎nd pro‎te‎ctio‎n o‎f la‎nd, cre‎a‎tio‎n o‎f a‎ fa‎vo‎ra‎ble‎ e‎co‎lo‎gica‎l e‎nviro‎nme‎nt a‎nd imple‎me‎nta‎tio‎n o‎f la‎nd le‎gisla‎tio‎n, a‎s we‎ll a‎s the‎ pro‎ce‎ss o‎f ne‎ga‎tive‎ a‎nthro‎po‎ge‎nic impa‎ct o‎n so‎il fe‎rtility - a‎re‎ o‎utline‎d.

The‎ curre‎nt e‎co‎lo‎gica‎l situa‎tio‎n in a‎gricultura‎l la‎nd use‎ ma‎ke‎s the‎ pro‎ble‎m o‎f ra‎tio‎na‎l use‎ o‎f co‎nta‎mina‎te‎d la‎nds urge‎nt. The‎ le‎a‎ding ro‎le‎ in its so‎lutio‎n be‎lo‎ngs to‎ la‎nd ma‎na‎ge‎me‎nt, fo‎r the‎ purpo‎se‎s o‎f which no‎wa‎da‎ys ma‎te‎ria‎ls o‎f e‎co‎lo‎gica‎l a‎sse‎ssme‎nt o‎f the‎ te‎rrito‎ry a‎nd a‎na‎lysis o‎f fa‎cto‎rs o‎f te‎chno‎ge‎nic impa‎ct o‎n na‎tura‎l e‎nviro‎nme‎nt a‎re‎ wide‎ly use‎d.

Like‎ a‎ny e‎xisting na‎tura‎l re‎so‎urce‎ o‎n which so‎cie‎ty de‎pe‎nds a‎nd with which it clo‎se‎ly inte‎ra‎cts a‎t e‎ve‎ry sta‎ge‎ o‎f its life‎, la‎nd re‎so‎urce‎s a‎re‎ subje‎ct to‎ structura‎l a‎nd qua‎lita‎tive‎ cha‎nge‎s. The‎ dire‎ctio‎n a‎nd spe‎e‎d o‎f the‎se‎ cha‎nge‎s a‎re‎ de‎te‎rmine‎d by a‎ la‎rge‎ numbe‎r o‎f fa‎cto‎rs: the‎ so‎cio‎-ge‎o‎po‎litica‎l a‎nd e‎co‎no‎mic de‎ve‎lo‎pme‎nt o‎f so‎cie‎ty, the‎ le‎ve‎l o‎f huma‎n ca‎pita‎l de‎ve‎lo‎pme‎nt, stra‎te‎gic go‎ve‎rnme‎nt prio‎ritie‎s a‎t ce‎rta‎in sta‎ge‎s o‎f na‎tio‎na‎l de‎ve‎lo‎pme‎nt, the‎ o‎rga‎niza‎tio‎n o‎f the‎ la‎nd use‎ syste‎m, a‎nd o‎the‎rs. Ba‎se‎d o‎n the‎ cha‎nge‎s curre‎ntly ta‎king pla‎ce‎ in the‎ structura‎l a‎nd qua‎lita‎tive‎ sta‎te‎ o‎f la‎nd re‎so‎urce‎s, it is ne‎ce‎ssa‎ry to‎ sta‎te‎ tha‎t the‎ir na‎ture‎, e‎spe‎cia‎lly in te‎rms o‎f a‎gricultura‎l la‎nd, is cle‎a‎rly ne‎ga‎tive‎.

The forests of the Northern macro-slope of the Zaili Alatau, being the ridge base of a unique natural complex on the basis of which recreational forest use is dynamically developing, bear the main anthropogenic impact with possible negative consequences. It is known that when forests are reduced, other representatives of nature's biodiversity disappear with all their useful functions and properties, gradually becoming a lifeless space. Under these conditions, ensuring the preservation of unique forests, improving their aesthetic qualities and the formation of sustainable forest landscapes is an urgent forest problem.

Its main tasks are the preservation of natural complexes, as well as the study of biological diversity and all protected objects. The study of nature on the territory of the modern Ile-Alatau National Park has been conducted for more than 170 years, since the expeditions of famous researchers N.A. Severtsov, P.P. Semenov, Sh. Valikhanov, A.N. Krasnov, E.L. Regel and others. At the beginning of the twentieth century, glaciological observations began on the Tuyuksu glacier (now it is the most famous glacier in the world by the duration of observations). The landscapes of the mountains of Zaili Alatau are distinguished by excellent examples of combinations of vegetation and relief. The novelty of the article is that a list of works aimed at creating sustainable landscapes with the introduction of environmental measures has been determined.

To preserve the unity and integrity of mountain landscapes, it is necessary to strictly monitor the conformity of a set of forest conservation measures to form viable plantations of the highest aesthetic qualities.

The article describes the trees and shrubs that grow in the Baum grove today, describes the work on their renewal aimed at their study. The work was carried out in accordance with the approved "Instructions on the procedure for carrying out and registration of inventory materials and forest pathology examination of green spaces of the Baum Grove". Inventory and forest pathology examination of green spaces were carried out on the territory of the "Grove of Baum" in Almaty. The main goal is to obtain reliable data on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of green spaces and to analyze the state of green spaces on the territory of the Bauman Grove. During the survey of this object, the number of trees and shrubs was established, the area of which is divided into 69 blocks. As a result of the inventory, the distribution of plantings by breed composition, age, height, diameter, condition and economic measures was described in detail. The inventory was typed in excel, and then a program for electronic mapping of each tree was developed in Argiz.

The results of the study play a great scientific and practical role in the conservation and further renewal due to the sanitary cleaning of trees and shrubs currently growing in the Baum grove, as well as in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of green spaces.

This article presents results of experimental research on development and substantiation of parameters and operating modes of the drive mechanism of the cutting apparatus in mower with a double knife run.

A structural and technological diagram of the drive mechanism of the cutting device of the segment-finger type mower has been developed, in which a double run of the cutting device knife is provided. Analytical relationships were obtained to determine the movement of the knife strok`e, speed and acceleration. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, the main parameters of the mower drive mechanism were substantiated. Based on the condition of a high-quality cut of plants, at a minimum cutting speed of grass, the minimum rotation frequency of the crank shaft was determined. By calculation, the feed area and the load area of the cutter for normal cutting with a double cut of the knife are determined. Analytical relationships were obtained to determine the power required to drive the cutterbar of a mower with a double blade run. Based on the research results, the main parameters of the mower with an improved drive are substantiated. The rotation frequency of the crankshaft of the cutting machine with a double stroke of the knife is determined. An experimental sample was made in LLP "Scientific production center of agricultural engineering" and preliminary tests of the drive mechanism were carried out, the agrotechnical and energy performance of the mower were determined.

The article discusses the results of the development of an intelligent classification system for ewes breeds based on machine learning (artificial intelligence, neural network). The architecture of an intelligent system is presented. In the architecture of the information system, convolutional neural networks CNN and a camera of a mobile device are used. In the photo of the camera of the mobile device, the object is located in the center, facing directly at the camera. The neural network identifies the object and classifies the object based on training.

The article outlines the main points of software - a windowed application such as a digital virtual assistant, which can be useful in the production of buying and selling sheep for unprepared participants in this process. The information system makes it possible to navigate sheep breeds according to the characteristics of a particular specimen and to determine the breed, as well as useful characteristics associated with a particular breed. The system can also be used as a reference system for decision-making in commercial activities related to the purchase or sale of sheep.

The technologies for harvesting haylage in rolls wrapped in film are given, which are used in world practice. The experience of harvesting and feeding animals with haylage is shown, which makes it possible to obtain a completely balanced feed and increase the productivity of animals. The complexes of machines used for haylage harvesting abroad, as well as the theoretical prerequisites for substantiating the parameters of the bale wrapper, which can be used by designers in the development of its design, are given.

The theoretical prerequisites for justifying the parameters can be used by designers when designing and improving the design of bale wrappers with film, which will speed up the transition of the use of haylage to an industrial basis. The experience of using the technology of harvesting haylage in rolls wrapped in film showed that its greatest economic efficiency is provided by farmers who keep 50-100 cows.

One of the ways to reduce film consumption is that the use of balers with a herb chopper provides an increase in bale density up to 30% while reducing the number of layers of film wrapping to 2-3 layers, which reduces film consumption per 1 ton of feed by 1.5- 2.0 times. At the same time, the cost of distributing haylage to animals is reduced.

Improving the use of mechanization is one of the decisive directions for increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and its intensification. The most important task in this case is the substantiation of optimal machine-tractor units (MTA), complexes of machines and compositions of the machine-tractor fleet (MTP), taking into account specific production and natural and economic conditions. For farms, from the whole variety of technological and technical solutions, such options should be chosen that provide maximum production efficiency. The article deals with the formation of technological lines for sowing grain crops, identified shortcomings of optimization using linear programming methods. The possibility of solving the optimization problem using the simulation method, which provides a more efficient implementation of the technological process within the specified agrotechnical terms, is shown. Simulation modeling is a research method in which the system under study is replaced by a model that describes the real system with sufficient accuracy, and experiments are carried out with it in order to obtain information about this system. Simulation modeling allows you to simulate the behavior of a system over time. A simulation model of the process of sowing grain crops has been developed, which consists of two interconnected queuing systems (QS), and a mathematical model for optimizing technological lines, taking into account the specific operating conditions of the machines. Regularities were established for the implementation of the main elements of the technological process of sowing grain crops.