No. 4 (92) (2021): Research, results

Outbreaks of avian influenza among wild and domestic birds are increasingly common worldwide. Over the past 15 years, outbreaks of avian influenza, in particular caused by H5 viruses originating from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 that originated in Southeast Asia in 1996, have increasingly occurred in Europe and Asia. In the period from 2005 to 2020, at least ten global outbreaks of AIV H5 were detected in the world, which led to the mass death of domestic and wild birds. In recent years, the use of molecular methods for the detection of viral nucleic acids has become an important tool for the detection of avian influenza virus and the identification of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. These methods include RT-PCR. Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction is a reaction of DNA copy synthesis (cDNA) on an RNA matrix using a special enzyme - reverse transcriptase, also called revertase. The cDNA is then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This article presents the results of typing avian influenza virus by PCR. In 2020, in one of the private farmsteads on the territory of the Almaty region, a case of poultry was noted with symptoms similar to the avian influenza virus. As a result of laboratory studies, the avian influenza virus of the H5 subtype was typed by RT-PCR.

Lumpy skin disease of cattle poses a national threat to the livestock industry of the country. To control this disease, homologous vaccines based on the weakened ITCH virus of cattle and heterologous vaccines based on the smallpox virus of sheep and goats are used. A vaccine based on sheep pox is safe, does not induce viremia, excretion of the virus into the environment and does not lead to clinical symptoms after vaccination, unlike homologous vaccines, however, vaccines based on a homologous strain are more effective, although they often cause clinical illness of animals. The OIE recommendations clearly reflect the vaccines recommended for use for the prevention of ND cattle, the recommended vaccines are vaccines based on homologous strains of the lumpy skin disease cattle virus. However, when using such vaccines, according to reports from foreign colleagues, the risks of recombinant strains of the nodular dermatitis virus in cattle are high. For example, in the Russian Federation, recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus are often detected in areas bordering the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, it has been confirmed that the genetic mutations of the virus are associated with the vaccine virus homologous to the "field" isolate. It should be noted that homologous vaccines against lumpy skin disease are not used at all in Russia. This paper analyzes the literature on the use of different vaccines for the control of lumpy skin disease of cattle. The effectiveness and safety of each type of vaccine are discussed

The persistence of this work was to determine the rational parameters for measuring the rheological characteristics of the muscular tissue of the camel meat by the penetrating method. To perform this task, it is required to allow geometric studies.

The experiment was performed on small-sized portable penetrometer which model is PPM-4.

In order to select a rational angle of the conical indenter for measuring the rheological characteristics of all muscle raw materials, research was undertaken on camel carcasses in a pair state (1hour after slaughter) and in a condition of rigor mortis - autolysis (after 48hours), when a significant difference in strength properties can be observed.

In addition, the strength properties depend on the structure of the raw meat, accurately say, it rests on the helical model. Therefore, pilot studies are conducted both along and across the fibers. With the introduction of a conical indenter into the muscle tissue of meat along the fibers, which are directed in the cross section, and across the fibers - in the longitudinal section. In the latter case, the strength of the meat is much extent than that of meat in which measurements were taken along the grain. Analyzing the received experimental data, the pilot showed that when using conical indenters in a given range of angles at the top from 10° to 30°, the greatest value of the immersion depth was obtained with a cone with 10°. The selected cone provides a minimum scatter of experimental data, which allows it to be considered rational and used to study the rheological characteristics of whole muscle and restructured meat products.

To take measurements of whole muscle and restructured raw materials, the rational resistance force is 0.5kg. The penetration process should be implemented in the longitudinally located muscle in order to ensure the minimum measurement error. 

Goat, mare and camel milk are widely distributed in Kazakhstan. In recent decades, there has been an increase in demand for the production of goat's milk. Compared to cow's milk, goat's milk has great health benefits (improves the bioavailability of nutrients, strengthens the immune system, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, strengthens bones), and it can be used to make yogurt or mixed with cow's, sheep's and mare's milk. Goat's milk has long been used as a health product.

The article examines the biotechnology of obtaining yogurt from dried goat's milk with probiotic properties. The restoration of this dry goat's milk, the study of the physical and chemical properties of goat's milk, yogurt from goat's milk revealed the biological, nutritional value and organoleptic properties of the probiotic product.

The traditional starter culture for yogurt is thermophilic Streptococcus (Streptococcus thermophilus). The starter culture of the company YO-MIX Danisco was used. Fermentation was carried out in a thermostat IN 110 at a temperature of 38-40 ° C to a clot state for 6 hours. During the fermentation process, the samples were analyzed according to physico-chemical, organoleptic and microbiological parameters. The main criterion of the fermentation process is the acidity, which characterizes the biosynthesis of lactic acid.

The analysis for the content of microorganisms in the fermentation process was evaluated by the number of grown colonies of microorganisms on elective Blickfeldt culture media for the detection of Streptococcus thermophilus. After 6 hours of fermentation, the content of microorganisms in all samples meets the requirements, i.e. more than 107 CFU in 1 ml.

From this dry goat's milk, only classic yogurt was produced, stabilizers and other substances were not used. The technological scheme of yogurt production is simple and accessible to people for making this product at home.

In the course of the research, experimental samples of functional yoghurts from cow's milk enriched with vegetable juices and fruit and berry syrups were developed, their organoleptic and physico-chemical properties were achieved.

Organoleptic methods were used to determine the appearance and texture, taste and aroma, color of yoghurts enriched with raw materials of plant origin.

The organoleptic quality assessment showed that all presented samples of yogurts enriched with vegetable juices and fruit and berry syrups have high organoleptic properties, yogurts with blueberry and cherry plum syrups have the best organoleptic indicators, yogurt "Beet-blueberry" 3.2% fat, enriched with beetroot juice and blueberry syrup scored the maximum amount of 9.9 points.

The results of the study of physical and chemical quality indicators showed that the mass fraction of fat, protein, DSMR, acidity, phosphatase or peroxidase of functional yoghurt samples meet the requirements of GOST 31981-2013.

In order to establish optimal storage conditions, studies were carried out to change the consumer properties of yogurts on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days from the date of manufacture, it was noted that at the end of storage on the seventh day, a slightly lower score in the organoleptic evaluation of samples of yogurts 3.2% fat "Beetroot-blueberry", enriched with beetroot juice and blueberry syrup, "Carrot- cherry plum", enriched with carrot juice and cherry plum syrup, "Celery-apple", enriched with celery juice and apple syrup, is directly related to a slight decrease in the score only for the indicator "Taste and smell".

Thus, as a result of studying the physicochemical parameters of yoghurts enriched with vegetable juices and fruit and berry syrups on the seventh day of storage, it was found that their optimal shelf life is 7 days.

The article presents the results of evaluation of spring soft wheat varieties in the conditions of the scientific and experimental campus of the Kazakh Agrotechnical University named after S. Seifullin. As a result of the research, spring wheat varieties with high indicators of the complex of structural elements were identified over the years of research. The results of the evaluation of the source material of spring soft wheat with an extended period of germination-earing and a shorter earing-maturation are also presented. Over the years of the study, the studied varieties showed an average yield of 18.9-25.8 c / ha, the difference in grain yield between the varieties ranged from 1.7 to 6.8 c / ha. In favorable years for the harvest, intensive varieties show their genetic potential, for example, in 2020, the varieties Aina, Tauelsizdik 20, Taimas, Augustina had high growth rates and structural elements, formed a highly productive and high-quality grain harvest. The protein content in the studied materials ranged from 18.44 to 22.8%. Aina and Asyl Sapa varieties were characterized by a high protein content, the protein content of these varieties was 0.8-1.21% higher compared to the Astana variety. The following varieties are of great interest for breeding: Astana, Tauelsizdik 20, Taimas, Karabalykskaya 70, Karagandinskaya 22, XN-08, XN-10, XN-11, Karagandinskaya 31, Karagandinskaya 60, Shortandinskaya 2012, Karagandinskaya 30, Aina and Augustina.

The ecological and economic significance of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) determines the interest in the study of various aspects of the biology of this species throughout the world. The world scientific community develops and implements a research program for honeybees in different directions: priority research includes the search for the causes of the collapse of bee colonies observed in the world over the past years; study of general biological patterns and genetic diversity of bees of different origins (differentiation of honey bees belonging to different evolutionary branches, search for breed-defining genetic variants, etc.); research on immunity and diseases of bees; features of the navigation system of bees.

 Similarly, it can be assumed that the results obtained for one subspecies of the honey bee, for example, an assessment of biological and genetic characteristics, infection with parasites and pathogens, economically significant indicators, but living in different climatic conditions, and even more so for different subspecies, will be differ. Thus, subspecies A. m. mellifera, which lives in different regions, has a high genetic heterogeneity; therefore, extrapolation of the results obtained from one population to a subspecies as a whole is possible only after their confirmation by other studies carried out on representatives of other populations. Thus, only the accumulation of data on controversial and topical issues in the study of the honeybee, taking into account the natural and climatic features of the location of apiaries, the geographical localization of populations of 24 honeybees, the origin of bee colonies (evolutionary line, subspecies and / or ecotype), etc., will allow highlight general (universal) processes and mechanisms and specific details on the above problems.

This article discusses the peculiarities of growing and developing corn grown using various irrigation technologies in the conditions of the south-eastern region of the country. During the growing season, changes in the composition of nutrients in the soil, biomass masses of corn hybrids, structural analysis of hybrids, photosynthetic properties and productivity were studied according to experimental variants. The average daily temperature of corn during the growing season was 3160.7 °C. The corn blizzard was 480 SV. During the growing season, solar energy was supplied up to 1610 MJ/m2. As a result, this affected the accumulation of 220.92 c/ha of dry biomass. Irrigation methods had a significant impact on the agrochemical properties of light chestnut soils (Table.2): the humus content in the arable soil layer of the studied variants is 1.77-2.10%, the content of unstable humus is 0.095-0.251%, the content of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen is 102-135 mg/kg, the nitrate content is 15.2-31.5 mg/kg, the content of mobile phosphorus is 14.8-24.7 mg/kg and the content of exchangeable potassium ranged from 295-385 mg/kg. With such indicators of batteries, the indicated yield was-12.0-14.6 t / ha.

The only way to save water is the mass introduction of drip irrigation technology and support farmers in using this new technology. This technology does not experience a shortage of tap water, in addition to saving water by 3-4 times, it accurately delivers moisture and nutrients to the roots of the plant.

The article deals with the issues of research and assessment of the qualitative state of agricultural lands, taking into account the peculiarities of their use in the Turkestan region. The increase in the production of agricultural products primarily depends on how efficiently and skillfully the land is used, and the full and correct use of the land is the most important conditions for increasing the production of grain, milk, meat and other products. Research and production work should be directed to solving these problems. Therefore, to begin with, it is very important to analyze the state of agricultural land resources and outline ways to improve their use, taking into account the qualitative state.

The key positions of the assessment method in solving specific tasks for short and medium-term periods, taking into account the special purpose of land resources, were shown on the example of the Turkestan region. The results of the study were processed by a statistical characteristic for the identification of fixed assets of land, which amounted to 11 609.5 thousand hectares. On the example of the main point-located lands in the southern and northern parts of the region, the prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex in its various branches were shown. As a result of obtaining the main digital indicators, calculations were carried out to obtain the main technical and economic indicators, which respectively reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the development of the agro-industrial complex on the example of the Turkestan region. In the future, the issues considered make it possible to make forecasts when creating investment climates, as well as when developing a particular branch of the agro-industrial complex.

This article discusses indicators for assessing machines and the quality of mechanized work, helping to choose the best option for machines with the current large supply on the market.

The valuation of agricultural equipment and machinery is a comprehensive study carried out in order to establish its true value in a free market. In a market economy, the requirements for the quality of agricultural machinery have increased, and therefore it is necessary to substantiate (clarify) a new nomenclature of estimated indicators and their characteristics (weight, significance) and, on this basis, build an indicator for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of functioning.

The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of methods for determining the overall satisfaction coefficient of machines and assessing the quality of technological operations.

As a result of the study, the elements of the experimental research methodology for the overall satisfaction coefficient of machines and the quality assessment of technological operations for the combined unit for improving pastures and grasslands were substantiated.

The article discusses the justification of methods and algorithms for determining the quality indicators of apples using machine vision for further sorting them into categories. The main quality indicators according to the standards are its appearance (color), size (magnitude), weight and shape.

To study the operability of the algorithm and the program for obtaining and processing images, as well as calculating its characteristic features for evaluating quality indicators, an experimental automated installation (AU) was developed and manufactured, the main components of which are an optical camera, a strain gauge sensor and a Raspberry Pi4 microcomputer on the basis of which this installation was created.

As a result of the research, it was found that the most modern and relevant solution is to determine the basic quality standards by automating the sorting process using optoelectronic methods, namely using machine vision tools.

The results of statistical processing showed that the values of the diameters during manual measurement and measurement on the AU slightly differ, the values of the mass of apples during manual weighing on the scales and measured on the AU by an automated method practically coincide, the relative error does not exceed 0.8%. The great advantage of using machine vision in determining the quality indicators of apples is that there is a more accurate way to determine the proportion of the color of apples, and this indicator is one of the most important quality indicators that affects the selling value.

Currently, the livestock industry is widely developing in Kazakhstan, since almost all the livestock of cattle, pigs and sheep are in small farms. The needs of animal husbandry and the population for livestock products of their own production, industry for raw materials and the needs of the population for food cannot be largely satisfied by peasant farms. Because farms cannot afford modern developing machines and equipment for forage harvesting.

Intensification of the livestock industry, complex specialization, as one of the many important issues in solving the above-mentioned issue, active work is underway in our country on the production of livestock products, currently a large number of livestock farms are operating at agricultural enterprises, active work is underway to restore high production capacities of farms of the period "before perestroika".

It is impossible to imagine an increase in livestock production, a decrease in the cost of feed and labor per unit of production without rational use of feed. The cost of production is 55-70% of the total costs. More efficient use of animal feed, and not just feeding, is possible only when transferring a balanced feed mixture to the breadwinner, taking into account the productivity and physiological state of a small group of animals. After this problem, there is a need for reconstruction or new design of animal husbandry. The solution of such issues provides for the complex mechanization of the farm, the design and operation of flood-processing lines for the preparation of feed and feed distributors, the solution of the problem with the use of modern machine technologies.

This paper is concerned to the analysis of the construction of the devices with software program for the optimization production. It is necessary to optimize the basic parameters of production for quality improvement. Detailed predictions of interacting parts in a mechanism assembly are made possible through use of value engineering based process and material selection and advanced simulation technology. This article discusses the possibility of ensuring by increasing labor productivity and the level of decisions taken in the design of low-waste and promising technological processes, the accumulation of data on methods of forming blanks, the expansion of the use of computer technology, design CAD and СAE. Of particular importance in the development of cold stamping technologies are the initial design values in the modeling process.In addition, the relatively large research and development costs required to implement cold forming processes, the large amount of work and deformation tools are a problem for production. In this case, the formation of metals is studied using automated simulation systems. Due to this, the costs of technological preparation of production are significantly reduced. The process that required the creation of complex structures is recommended to be partially or completely replaced by a real process with virtual experiments.

A frame is provided consisting of stringers consisting of a number k, parallel to each other, and L-ring frames located on it in an orthogonal plane. It is necessary to determine the function of the action of the particles of the previously considered frame and calculate in detail the direction of the force acting on it, the position at which the ring is directed tangentially to the middle line of the frame.

To obtain the result, research was carried out on the calculation of a thin cylindrical film under the action of preliminary free loads, the creation of a matrix of its shock function. In a flat cylindrical film, to solve this problem, a frame cylindrical shell is first calculated only if the functions of the action of the film-free frame are known.

The matrix of the action function of a flat cylindrical film can be calculated if six of its main elements are known, the physical values of which are functions of the action of a single force: vertical (normal), ascending and circumferential.

In this paper, the dynamic flexibility function of the framework is defined. It was determined based on the applied approaches to determining the impact functions on the dynamic plasticity of the frame.

To determine the dynamic flexibility function, the necessary system of equations was obtained using special approaches.

The‎ a‎rti‎cle‎ de‎a‎ls wi‎th the‎ pro‎ble‎m o‎f i‎mpro‎vi‎ng the‎ me‎tho‎do‎lo‎gy o‎f a‎sse‎ssme‎nt a‎nd the‎ cho‎i‎ce‎ o‎f a‎n e‎ffe‎cti‎ve‎ wa‎y to‎ i‎ncre‎a‎se‎ the‎ ca‎da‎stra‎l va‎lue‎ o‎f a‎gri‎cultura‎l la‎nd. The‎ de‎ve‎lo‎pe‎d me‎tho‎d ca‎n be‎ use‎d to‎ a‎sse‎ss so‎i‎l, wa‎te‎r a‎nd a‎i‎r po‎lluti‎o‎n o‎n la‎nd a‎llo‎tme‎nt a‎re‎a‎s lo‎ca‎te‎d o‎n the‎ te‎rri‎to‎ri‎e‎s o‎f the‎ co‎nsi‎de‎re‎d a‎re‎a‎s wi‎th mi‎ni‎ng a‎nd me‎ta‎llurgi‎ca‎l i‎ndustri‎e‎s i‎n Ka‎za‎khsta‎n. The‎ re‎sult o‎f the‎ pro‎po‎se‎d me‎tho‎d i‎s the‎ a‎bi‎li‎ty to‎ de‎te‎rmi‎ne‎ the‎ co‎e‎ffi‎ci‎e‎nt o‎f a‎ccumula‎ti‎o‎n o‎f ha‎za‎rdo‎us a‎nd ha‎rmful fa‎cto‎rs o‎f the‎ i‎ndustri‎a‎l a‎nd e‎nvi‎ro‎nme‎nta‎l fa‎cto‎rs, i‎ts use‎ wi‎ll a‎llo‎w to‎ e‎sta‎bli‎sh the‎ ti‎me‎ o‎f e‎me‎rge‎nci‎e‎s i‎n the‎ i‎ndustri‎a‎l a‎nd e‎nvi‎ro‎nme‎nta‎l si‎tua‎ti‎o‎ns.  The‎ re‎sults o‎f studi‎e‎s o‎n the‎ a‎sse‎ssme‎nt o‎f cro‎p co‎nta‎mi‎na‎ti‎o‎n by he‎a‎vy me‎ta‎ls usi‎ng the‎ de‎ve‎lo‎pe‎d me‎tho‎do‎lo‎gy a‎nd pro‎gra‎m a‎llo‎w to‎ a‎sse‎ss the‎ da‎ma‎ge‎ a‎nd upda‎te‎ la‎nd ca‎da‎stra‎l ma‎ps i‎n the‎ a‎re‎a‎s unde‎r co‎nsi‎de‎ra‎ti‎o‎n. Unde‎r the‎se‎ co‎ndi‎ti‎o‎ns, i‎mpro‎ve‎me‎nt o‎f me‎tho‎ds o‎f a‎sse‎ssme‎nt a‎nd se‎le‎cti‎o‎n o‎f e‎ffe‎cti‎ve‎ wa‎y to‎ i‎ncre‎a‎se‎ the‎ ca‎da‎stra‎l va‎lue‎ o‎f a‎gri‎cultura‎l la‎nd i‎n the‎ Re‎publi‎c o‎f Ka‎za‎khsta‎n ca‎nno‎t be‎ i‎mple‎me‎nte‎d wi‎tho‎ut e‎sta‎bli‎shi‎ng the‎ so‎urce‎s a‎nd ca‎use‎s o‎f po‎lluti‎o‎n, o‎rga‎ni‎za‎ti‎o‎n o‎f me‎a‎sure‎s to‎ re‎duce‎ e‎mi‎ssi‎o‎ns, lo‎ca‎li‎za‎ti‎o‎n o‎r e‎li‎mi‎na‎ti‎o‎n o‎f the‎ so‎urce‎ o‎f po‎lluti‎o‎n. Only unde‎r such co‎ndi‎ti‎o‎ns hi‎gh e‎ffi‎ci‎e‎ncy o‎f co‎sts fo‎r re‎cla‎ma‎ti‎o‎n a‎nd i‎nvo‎lve‎me‎nt o‎f unuse‎d a‎nd a‎ba‎ndo‎ne‎d la‎nds i‎nto‎ a‎gri‎cultura‎l turno‎ve‎r ca‎n be‎ a‎chi‎e‎ve‎d.